Oxyntomodulin
Evidence: B/C — Meaningful Human EvidenceNeuroendocrine / Appetite-Energy Balance Signaling
Evidence Snapshot
What this grade covers
Two independent, concordant human intervention RCTs via two different routes/durations (Cohen 2003, IV infusion, single-session; Wynne 2005, 4-week self-administered SC) both showing reduced food intake/body weight. Baggio 2004's GLP-1R/GCGR receptor-specificity finding is MOUSE-ONLY mechanism context. GLP-2's and Survodutide's own outcomes are EXCLUDED entirely (precursor-sharing and analogue-class context only, respectively). No unresolved energy-expenditure numeric claim may be made. Overall page grade: B/C.
Regulatory Context
Native Oxyntomodulin is an endogenous human hormone and is not itself an FDA-approved drug product.
In Plain English
A quick, research-focused overview. It does not replace, and cannot outrank, the detailed evidence below.
What is it?
A 37-amino-acid proglucagon-derived gut hormone and native dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.
Why are researchers interested in it?
Studied for its appetite-suppressing and body-weight effects in controlled human trials.
What does the evidence look like?
Two independent human intervention RCTs via different routes (IV infusion, 4-week subcutaneous self-injection), both positive.
Biggest things to know
IV infusion reduced meal intake by ~19% in one trial; 4 weeks of self-injected oxyntomodulin reduced body weight by 2.3kg vs 0.5kg with placebo in another.
What don't we know yet?
Whether oxyntomodulin has any effect beyond 4 weeks -- no longer trial exists in the frozen source set.
Research Takeaway
IV oxyntomodulin infusion significantly reduced buffet-meal energy intake (19.3+/-5.6%, p<0.01) and hunger scores in a controlled human study.
Evidence boundary: Acute single-session evidence; no long-term inference.
See all 3 evidence claims →Quick Summary
Oxyntomodulin is a natural gut hormone made from the same precursor protein as glucagon and GLP-1 (but a distinct peptide from either). Two controlled human trials found it reduces food intake and body weight.
Mechanism & Research Overview
Oxyntomodulin is a natural gut hormone made from the same precursor protein as glucagon and GLP-1 (but a distinct peptide from either). Two controlled human trials found it reduces food intake and body weight.
Evidence Claims
Individual scientific statements drawn from the sources cited below, each shown with the specific evidence boundary that statement does not establish.
Supported
IV oxyntomodulin infusion significantly reduced buffet-meal energy intake (19.3+/-5.6%, p<0.01) and hunger scores in a controlled human study.
Does not establish
Evidence boundary: Acute single-session evidence; no long-term inference.
Sources: Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans
Supported
Four weeks of self-administered subcutaneous oxyntomodulin (three times daily before meals) reduced body weight by 2.3+/-0.4 kg vs. 0.5+/-0.5 kg with placebo (p=0.0106) in overweight/obese volunteers.
Does not establish
Evidence boundary: 4-week trial only; no inference beyond that duration.
Supported
In mice, oxyntomodulin's acute food-intake-suppressing effect depends specifically on the GLP-1 receptor, while other effects (heart rate, energy expenditure) appear GLP-1R-independent, suggesting a distinct or glucagon-receptor-mediated pathway.
Does not establish
Evidence boundary: Mouse mechanism only; must not be presented as confirmed human receptor pharmacology.
Safety & Evidence Limitations
Considerations reported in the sources cited on this page — not a complete list of every possible risk, and not medical advice.
Safety Consideration
The GLP-1R-vs-GCGR receptor-specificity finding (Baggio 2004) is mouse-only and has not been independently confirmed as identical in humans within the frozen set.Safety Consideration
The longest human trial in the frozen set is 4 weeks; no long-term efficacy or safety data exists.
Research Areas Being Studied
Research areas discussed on this page reflect the Neuroendocrine / Appetite-Energy Balance Signaling category and the sources cited below.
Findings Reported in Studies
Educational summary only — reported in cited studies, not a claim of proven benefit.
- Subcutaneous Oxyntomodulin Reduces Body Weight in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial (2005):
- Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans (2003):
Study Tables by Evidence Type
Human Studies & Clinical Data
| Title | Year | Population / Model | Dose / Duration / Finding | Safety Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subcutaneous Oxyntomodulin Reduces Body Weight in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial | 2005 | Overweight/obese volunteers, 4-week self-administered SC dosing | Four weeks of self-administered SC oxyntomodulin (three times daily before meals) reduced body weight by 2.3+/-0.4 kg vs 0.5+/-0.5 kg with placebo (p=0.0106). | ||
| Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans | 2003 | Human controlled IV infusion study | IV oxyntomodulin infusion significantly reduced buffet-meal energy intake (19.3+/-5.6%, p<0.01) and hunger scores. |
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
| Title | Year | Population / Model | Dose / Duration / Finding | Safety Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure | 2004 | Mice | In mice, oxyntomodulin's acute food-intake-suppressing effect depends specifically on the GLP-1 receptor, while other effects (heart rate, energy expenditure) appear GLP-1R-independent, suggesting glucagon-receptor mediation. |
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
No Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries Listed Yet
This section will be updated as sources are added.
Anecdotal Reported Patterns — Not Medical Advice
Anecdotal Reported Patterns — Not Medical Advice
Reported dosing patterns are included for educational context only. They are self-reported, unverified, not medical advice, and not instructions for human use. Community-submitted patterns are not yet available in this Phase 1 prototype; this section is a placeholder reserved for moderated, aggregated community data.
Lab Markers to Discuss With a Clinician
Educational topics only — not self-monitoring instructions.
FAQ
Disclaimer
Human evidence is limited to short trials (up to 4 weeks) -- not a long-term safety or efficacy record.
Educational use only. This content is provided for informational and research-summary purposes only. It is not medical advice, not a treatment recommendation, not a dosing guide, and not a substitute for care from a licensed medical professional. Nothing here is intended to diagnose, treat, cure, prevent, or mitigate disease. Reported dosing patterns, when shown elsewhere on the site, must be labeled either as Study / Trial Dosing or Anecdotal Reported Patterns — Not Medical Advice. Community reports are self-reported, unverified, and not scientific proof.
Community-reported experiences, once enabled, must be displayed only as moderated, anonymized, or aggregated data. They are anecdotal, self-reported, unverified, and should never be presented as proof of safety, efficacy, or expected results.
Content status: Published. Last updated 2026-08-28.
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