Study Database
Search the Full Research Index
301 sourced references across 14 peptide profiles, organized by evidence category and searchable by peptide, title, finding, source type, or safety note.
This database organizes public research, regulatory documents, secondary sources, and future community-reported anecdotes for educational purposes only. It is not medical advice.
Showing 301 of 301 study records
| Title | Peptide | Year | Evidence Category | Population / Model | Dose / Duration / Finding | Safety Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-AMQ LC-MS/MS Assay in Rat Plasma and Urine | 5-Amino-1MQ | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| 5MQ Antiproliferative Activity in HeLa Cells | 5-Amino-1MQ | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| FDA GSRS 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium | 5-Amino-1MQ | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| LC-MS/MS assay for 5-AMQ | 5-Amino-1MQ | 2021 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Analytical method | Bioanalytical assay — Developed assay for 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| NNMT Inhibition in Bladder Cancer Models | 5-Amino-1MQ | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| NNMT Inhibition in Kidney Fibrosis Models | 5-Amino-1MQ | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| NNMT roles in obesity and 5-amino-1MQ | 5-Amino-1MQ | 2021 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Obesity/metabolic pathway — Summarizes 5-amino-1MQ-treated mouse findings and NNMT obesity biology. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| PubChem 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium | 5-Amino-1MQ | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| Reduced calorie diet plus NNMT inhibition | 5-Amino-1MQ | 2022 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Mouse microbiome/metabolic study | Diet-induced obese mice — Evaluated microbiome/metabolic effects of NNMT inhibition with diet. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Reduced-Calorie Diet and NNMT Inhibition in DIO Mice | 5-Amino-1MQ | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| Selective NNMT inhibitors including 5-amino-1MQ | 5-Amino-1MQ | 2018 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Preclinical/cell/mouse | Adipocyte and mouse studies — 5-amino-1MQ inhibited NNMT and reduced adiposity/metabolic markers in models. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| A Phase IIa study of the efficacy and safety of oral LAT8881 in neuropathic pain: protocol and development background | AOD-9604 | 2019 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Clinical study design with sponsor development summary | Sponsor study-design background is useful regulatory/identity context but does not replace peer-reviewed reporting of each legacy trial. | ||
| A synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of human growth hormone inhibits lipogenesis in rat adipose tissue | AOD-9604 | 1993 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rat adipose-tissue/animal models | Preclinical metabolic effects do not establish human weight-loss efficacy or safety. | ||
| AOD-9604 Development Summary | AOD-9604 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | |||||
| AOD9604, a fragment of human growth hormone, reduces body weight and increases lipolysis in obese Zucker rats | AOD-9604 | 2000 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Obese Zucker rats | Animal obesity-model results were not confirmed as clinically meaningful weight loss in later human obesity development. | ||
| Effects of the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone on glucose transport in rat adipocytes | AOD-9604 | 1993 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rat adipocytes | Cell-model metabolic findings cannot be used as human dosing or outcome evidence. | ||
| FDA Evaluation of AOD-9604-Related Bulk Drug Substances | AOD-9604 | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA review of AOD-9604-related bulk drug substances for the Section 503A Bulks List | AOD-9604 | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Regulatory chemistry, effectiveness, and safety review | FDA discussed potential immunogenicity, aggregation/degradation, formulation uncertainty, limited effectiveness evidence, and incomplete safety information. | ||
| Fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice | AOD-9604 | 2001 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Animal model | AOD exposure — Reported reduced weight gain and increased fat oxidation. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| In vitro metabolism and detection of the growth-hormone fragment AOD9604 | AOD-9604 | 2015 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Analytical and in-vitro metabolism study | Analytical detection research is not evidence of weight-loss efficacy or clinical safety. | ||
| Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies | AOD-9604 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | |||||
| Safety and metabolism of AOD9604 | AOD-9604 | 2014 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Safety/metabolism paper | Toxicology/pharmacokinetics — Reports safety-focused data; efficacy claims remain limited. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Synthetic lipolytic domain metabolic studies | AOD-9604 | 2000 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Animal model | Obese Zucker rats — Studied metabolic actions of AOD9604. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta3-adrenergic receptor-knockout mice | AOD-9604 | 2001 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Obese mice and beta3-adrenergic receptor-knockout mice | Mouse findings do not establish clinical effectiveness, appropriate human use, or long-term human safety. | ||
| hGH and AOD9604 obese mice study | AOD-9604 | 2001 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Animal model | 14-day chronic administration — Reduced body weight/body fat in obese mice. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo | Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) | 2014 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with vitiligo receiving narrowband UV-B with or without afamelanotide | Exploratory indication; does not establish cosmetic tanning use. | ||
| Afamelanotide for erythropoietic protoporphyria | Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) | 2015 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria in European and U.S. randomized trials | Pigmentation and implant-site effects were monitored; long-term surveillance remains relevant. | ||
| FDA approval letter for Scenesse (afamelanotide) implant | Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) | 2019 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA approval record for adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria | Approval is product-, route-, and indication-specific. | ||
| SCENESSE (afamelanotide) current U.S. prescribing information | Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA-approved product labeling for adults with EPP | Labeling includes implantation and skin-monitoring considerations; unregulated tanning products are not equivalent. | ||
| Scenesse European public assessment and product information | Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) | 2014 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | European regulatory assessment for EPP | EU authorization and monitoring are specific to the approved implant and EPP population. | ||
| Advisory Panel Vote on BPC-157 | BPC-157 | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| BPC-157 Musculoskeletal Evidence Review | BPC-157 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | |||||
| BPC-157 Translational Development Barriers | BPC-157 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | |||||
| BPC-157 for Acute Hamstring Strain | BPC-157 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| FDA peptide safety page | BPC-157 | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Regulatory safety context | Compounded BPC-157 — Notes immunogenicity/impurity/API characterization concerns and limited safety information. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing | BPC-157 | 2019 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Preclinical literature — Reviews feasibility and limitations for healing claims. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Regeneration or risk narrative review | BPC-157 | 2025 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | BPC-157 mechanisms/safety concerns — Summarizes regenerative potential and lack of large rigorous trials. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study | BPC-157 | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 2 healthy adults | IV infusion up to 20 mg — Very small pilot reported tolerability, not efficacy. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Source includes safety/tolerability context; review adverse-event details before publishing. | |
| Bremelanotide Ambulatory Blood Pressure Study | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Bremelanotide effects on sexual arousal in premenopausal women | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2006 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Premenopausal women in a controlled experimental study | Small experimental study; not equivalent to phase 3 efficacy or long-term safety evidence. | ||
| Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized phase 2b study | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2016 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Premenopausal women with female sexual dysfunctions | Nausea, flushing, headache, and blood-pressure effects informed later dose selection. | ||
| Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two randomized phase 3 trials | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2019 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Premenopausal women with acquired, generalized HSDD in the RECONNECT trials | Nausea and other adverse effects were common; cardiovascular labeling was informed by the broader program. | ||
| Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of intranasal PT-141 in men with erectile dysfunction | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2004 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Men with erectile dysfunction | The intranasal development program is not the same formulation or approved indication as Vyleesi. | ||
| Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneous PT-141 | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2004 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy men and men with erectile dysfunction | Early small studies do not establish use in men under the current FDA label. | ||
| FDA review identifying bremelanotide as previously known as PT-141 | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2019 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA new-drug-application review | The review discusses blood-pressure and immunogenicity considerations within the application. | ||
| Long-Term Bremelanotide Study | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Safety profile of bremelanotide across the clinical development program | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Pooled participants from bremelanotide clinical studies | Blood-pressure cautions and cardiovascular-risk context remain important despite transient mean changes. | ||
| VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) U.S. prescribing information | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2019 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA-approved labeling for premenopausal women with acquired, generalized HSDD | Contraindicated with uncontrolled hypertension or known cardiovascular disease; warnings include transient blood-pressure increases, nausea, and focal hyperpigmentation. | ||
| Vyleesi Current Prescribing Information | Bremelanotide (PT-141) | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| A Study to Evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV Patients With Visceral Obesity | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2006 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Trial registry record; study terminated | A trial registry is not a completed-results publication. | ||
| Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — CJC-1295 | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA compounding safety summary | FDA identifies serious adverse events associated with CJC-1295, including increased heart rate and systemic vasodilatory reaction. | ||
| FDA Evaluation of CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances for the 503A Bulks List | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA chemistry, safety, effectiveness, and compounding evaluation | FDA discussed peptide aggregation, impurities, immunogenicity, injection-product quality, acute adverse reactions, preclinical concerns, and limited clinical data. | ||
| FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Review of CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory committee determination | |||
| Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2005 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rat pharmacology and albumin-bioconjugation experiments | Preclinical pharmacology does not establish human safety. | ||
| Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2006 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | GHRH-knockout mice | |||
| Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2006 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy adults ages 21-61 (two randomized controlled trials) | |||
| Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog | CJC-1295 with DAC | 2006 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy men ages 20-40 | |||
| Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (REDEFINE 1) | Cagrilintide | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 3,417 adults with overweight/obesity | |||
| Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue | Cagrilintide | Current | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Medicinal chemistry development review | |||
| Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide for weight management in people with type 2 diabetes | Cagrilintide | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 92 adults with type 2 diabetes | |||
| Novo Nordisk files for FDA approval of CagriSema, the first once-weekly combination of GLP-1 and amylin analogues for weight management | Cagrilintide | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory filing announcement | |||
| Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight or obesity: a phase 2 trial | Cagrilintide | 2021 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 706 adults with overweight/obesity | |||
| GHK-Cu MMP/TIMP Modulation in Fibroblasts | GHK-Cu | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| GHK-Cu and Extracellular Matrix in Wounds | GHK-Cu | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide | GHK-Cu | 2022 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Skin/wound/aging biology — Summarizes skin remodeling, wound healing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Topical GHK-Cu Gel for Acute Skin Wound Healing | GHK-Cu | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| Topical GHK-Cu in Diabetic Neuropathic Ulcers | GHK-Cu | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| A simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2007 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 77 healthy adults + 58 adults with GH deficiency | |||
| Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — GHRP-2 | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA compounding safety summary | FDA notes reports including increased insulin requirement, deaths in critically ill study subjects, infection, and pancreatitis, while stating that causality has not been established. | ||
| Clinical Usefulness of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Test for Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorder | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 36 adults with hypothalamic-pituitary disorder | |||
| Determination of growth hormone secretagogue pralmorelin (GHRP-2) and its metabolite in human urine by LC/ESI tandem mass spectrometry | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2010 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 10 male volunteers | |||
| Effects of GHRP-2 and hexarelin, two synthetic GH-releasing peptides, on GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol levels in man. Comparison with the effects of GHRH, TRH and hCRH | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 1997 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Six healthy young adults and six healthy elderly subjects | Small, acute physiology study; it does not establish repeated-use safety. | ||
| Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in the GHRH knockout mouse | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2005 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | GHRH-knockout mice | |||
| GHRP Kaken 100 Injection — Pralmorelin Hydrochloride Official Product Information | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Official Japanese diagnostic product information | Official product contraindications, precautions, and adverse reactions should be read in the current Japanese label; the diagnostic use should not be generalized to chronic treatment. | ||
| Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2005 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 7 lean healthy men | |||
| Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Attenuation of Protein Kinase C-Induced Inflammation in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2016 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | KGN human ovarian granulosa cells and primary rat granulosa cells | |||
| Investigation of the clinical significance of the growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal failure | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2016 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 47 adults tested for secondary adrenal insufficiency | |||
| Pralmorelin: GHRP 2, GPA 748, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2, KP-102 D, KP-102 LN, KP-102D, KP-102LN | GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) | 2004 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Drug-development review | Secondary source; primary studies and official product information should support specific clinical and safety claims. | ||
| Blocked growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection | GHRP-6 | 1995 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 12 patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection + 11 controls | |||
| Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — GHRP-6 | GHRP-6 | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA compounding safety summary | FDA notes potential effects on cortisol and increased blood glucose associated with decreased insulin sensitivity. | ||
| GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-6 for diagnostic testing in GH-deficient adults | GHRP-6 | 2000 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults evaluated for growth-hormone deficiency | Diagnostic-test performance does not establish therapeutic benefit or repeated-use safety. | ||
| GHRP-6 mimics ghrelin-induced stimulation of food intake and suppression of locomotor activity in goldfish | GHRP-6 | 2012 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Goldfish | |||
| Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 Enhances the Healing Process and Improves the Esthetic Outcome of the Wounds | GHRP-6 | 2016 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits | |||
| Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | GHRP-6 | 1997 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 6 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus + 7 controls | |||
| Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation | GHRP-6 | 1998 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 9 healthy males | |||
| Growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP-6) stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover in human pituitary somatotroph cells | GHRP-6 | 1995 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Cultured human pituitary somatotrophinoma cells | Cell-study findings do not establish clinical safety or benefit. | ||
| Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms | GHRP-6 | 2024 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Wistar rats (n=12/group), doxorubicin cardiomyopathy model | |||
| Growth hormone-releasing effect of oral growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) administration in children with short stature | GHRP-6 | 1995 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 13 prepubertal children with short stature | |||
| Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) hydrogel for acute kidney injury therapy via metabolic regulation | GHRP-6 | 2025 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Mouse acute-kidney-injury model + HK-2 human cells in vitro | |||
| Pharmacokinetic study of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in nine male healthy volunteers | GHRP-6 | 2013 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Nine healthy male volunteers | Very small sample and acute exposure; not evidence of long-term safety or clinical benefit. | ||
| Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects | GHRP-6 | 2017 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Historical review of GHRP mechanism and cytoprotective evidence | |||
| Use of growth-hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) for the prevention of multiple organ failure | GHRP-6 | 2006 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Wistar rats (hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model); IEC-6/HT29 cells in vitro | |||
| Availability of FDA-approved gonadotropins | HCG | 2023 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | US prescribing context — Notes hCG as an FDA-approved option relevant to hypogonadism/fertility. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Chorionic Gonadotropin Labeling with Obesity Warning | HCG | 2011 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA hCG label | HCG | 2011 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Regulatory label | Approved drug label — Lists indications, contraindications, warnings, and adverse reactions. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| Indications for hCG use in male infertility | HCG | 2018 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Men desiring fertility preservation — Reviews hCG for maintaining/re-establishing spermatogenesis. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Ineffectiveness of hCG in Weight Reduction | HCG | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Novarel Labeling | HCG | 2011 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| Pregnyl Prescribing Information | HCG | 2023 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| hCG Biological Functions and Clinical Applications | HCG | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | |||||
| hCG and Weight Loss Double-Blind Trial | HCG | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| hCG treatment for male infertility/hypogonadism | HCG | 2020 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Male infertility/hypogonadism — Discusses LH-like action and testosterone/sperm effects. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| A randomized assessor-blind trial comparing highly purified menotropin and recombinant FSH in a GnRH antagonist cycle with compulsory single-blastocyst transfer | HMG / Menotropins | 2012 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 749 women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation and single-blastocyst transfer | Findings are specific to the controlled trial design and monitored ART setting. | ||
| Highly purified HMG versus recombinant FSH for ovarian stimulation in IVF cycles | HMG / Menotropins | 2008 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 986 women randomized in IVF cycles | The study was conducted with specialist ovarian monitoring. | ||
| MENOPUR (menotropins for injection) U.S. prescribing information | HMG / Menotropins | 2018 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA-regulated product labeling for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology | Warnings include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, pulmonary or vascular complications, ovarian torsion, and multi-fetal gestation. | ||
| Randomized, assessor-blinded trial comparing highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin and recombinant FSH in high responders | HMG / Menotropins | 2020 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 620 women predicted to be high responders undergoing assisted reproduction | The study does not remove established gonadotropin risks, including ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple gestation. | ||
| Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 1999 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 7 male volunteers | |||
| Age-related variations in the neuroendocrine response to hexarelin | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 1997 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy subjects across age groups | Acute endocrine study; does not establish repeated-use safety. | ||
| CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 2002 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rat cardiac membrane receptor purification; CD36-null mice | |||
| Chronic administration of hexarelin attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 2012 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Spontaneously hypertensive rats | |||
| Comparison of the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and hexarelin on growth hormone secretion in humans with or without glucocorticoid excess | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 1995 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 8 patients with glucocorticoid excess + 6 controls | |||
| Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during by-pass surgery | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 2002 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 24 coronary artery disease patients undergoing bypass surgery | |||
| GH-independent cardiotropic activities of hexarelin in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction due to dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 2002 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 8 dilated cardiomyopathy + 5 ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, plus healthy/GHD comparison groups | |||
| Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in humans. A dose-response study | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 1994 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy volunteers | Small acute pharmacology study; it does not establish long-term therapeutic benefit or safety. | ||
| Hexarelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, discloses protectant activity against cardiovascular damage in rats with isolated growth hormone deficiency | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 1997 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | GHRH-antibody-induced growth-hormone-deficient rats | |||
| Impact of two or three daily subcutaneous injections of hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, on 24-h GH, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in humans | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 2002 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Human repeated-administration endocrine study | Short-term endocrine study; it does not establish long-term clinical outcomes or long-term safety. | ||
| The cardiovascular action of hexarelin | Hexarelin (Examorelin) | 2014 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review of the CD36 mechanism and cardiac trial data | |||
| ClinicalTrials.gov ileus study | Ipamorelin | Registry | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Trial registry | Postoperative ileus — Registry record for safety/efficacy evaluation. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue | Ipamorelin | 1998 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Preclinical/early pharmacology | In vitro and in vivo pharmacology — Describes high GH-releasing potency and selectivity. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers | Ipamorelin | 1999 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy male volunteers | Dose-escalation infusion — Characterized GH stimulation time course after ipamorelin. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| Phase 2 postoperative ileus proof of concept | Ipamorelin | 2014 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Postoperative ileus patients | Randomized phase 2 study — Evaluated safety and efficacy for ileus, not wellness use. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Source includes safety/tolerability context; review adverse-event details before publishing. | |
| Rodent postoperative ileus model | Ipamorelin | 2016 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rodent model | Preclinical — Accelerated gastric emptying through ghrelin/gastric contractility pathways. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Alpha-MSH related peptides review | KPV | 2007 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Anti-inflammatory mechanisms — Summarizes alpha-MSH/KPV anti-inflammatory pathways. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| FDA Evaluation of KPV-Related Bulk Drug Substances | KPV | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| KPV anti-inflammatory comparison | KPV | 2003 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Preclinical | Inflammatory models — Analyzed KPV anti-inflammatory effects relative to other MSH peptides. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease | KPV | 2007 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Murine colitis models | Preclinical — Reported significant anti-inflammatory effects in murine colitis models. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation | KPV | 2008 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Cell/intestinal inflammation models | KPV uptake and inflammation signaling — Showed PepT1-mediated KPV effects reducing intestinal inflammation in models. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Direct comparison of intravenous kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54 in healthy men | Kisspeptin-10 | 2015 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy men | Acute physiology comparison; long-term safety was not assessed. | ||
| FDA Significant Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Substances | Kisspeptin-10 | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis reactivation by kisspeptin-10 in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea | Kisspeptin-10 | 2017 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea in an exploratory study | Exploratory sample; does not establish routine treatment or pregnancy outcomes. | ||
| Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men | Kisspeptin-10 | 2011 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy adult men in dose-response bolus and infusion studies | Short controlled physiology study; not designed to establish long-term therapeutic safety. | ||
| Kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone | Kisspeptin-10 | 2013 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Hypotestosteronemic men with type 2 diabetes | Small, short-term study; it does not establish chronic therapy or clinical outcomes. | ||
| Kisspeptin-54 IVF Oocyte Maturation | Kisspeptin-10 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Repeated Kisspeptin-54 and Tachyphylaxis | Kisspeptin-10 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| The effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humans | Kisspeptin-10 | 2011 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Healthy men and women studied across reproductive contexts | Small experimental study with short observation. | ||
| Exercise-Induced Endogenous MOTS-c | MOTS-C | 2021 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||
| FDA July 2026 PCAC MOTS-c Evaluation | MOTS-C | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA peptide compounding safety page | MOTS-C | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Regulatory safety context | Compounded peptide substances — States FDA lacks important safety information and human exposure data for compounded MOTS-C. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| MOTS-C discovery/metabolic homeostasis | MOTS-C | 2015 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Animal/mechanistic | Mouse metabolic models — Reported metabolic homeostasis effects and reduced obesity/insulin resistance in models. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| MOTS-C promising MDP review | MOTS-C | 2023 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Metabolic and aging biology — Describes nuclear regulation and age-related decline discussion. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| MOTS-C review | MOTS-C | 2022 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Mitochondrial-derived peptide biology — Summarizes mechanisms and therapeutic potential in age-related disorders. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| MOTS-c Nuclear Translocation | MOTS-C | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | |||||
| MOTS-c and Insulin Sensitivity | MOTS-C | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Phase 3 Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of IBI362 Versus Semaglutide in Chinese Participants With Early Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity (DREAMS-3) | Mazdutide | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | 349 Chinese adults with early type 2 diabetes and obesity | |||
| A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity | Mazdutide | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 248 adults, 20 hospitals in China, mean BMI 31.8 | |||
| Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval From China's NMPA for Chronic Weight Management | Mazdutide | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory approval announcement | |||
| Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial | Mazdutide | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Chinese adults, BMI >=24 with comorbidity or BMI >=28, ages 18-75 | |||
| Clinical evidence for targeting NAD therapeutically | NAD+ | 2020 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Human clinical evidence overview — Reviews clinical NAD+ pharmacology evidence and limitations. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Direct IV NAD+ Metabolome Pilot | NAD+ | 2019 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 8 NAD+ infusion participants, 3 controls | |||
| FDA Sterile Compounding Warning for NAD+ | NAD+ | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| IV NAD+ in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy | NAD+ | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||
| IV NAD+ metabolome pilot | NAD+ | TBD | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Human pilot | 6-hour IV NAD+ infusion — Studied plasma/urine NAD+ metabolome changes during IV infusion. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| NAD+ Anti-aging and Wellness Evidence (2026 Review) | NAD+ | 2026 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | ||||
| NAD+ Versus NR IV Tolerability | NAD+ | 2026 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||
| NAD+ infusion pilot in substance use disorder | NAD+ | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Pilot study | SUD context — Suggests rationale for further trials; not broad proof of wellness claims. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| Role of NAD+ in regenerative medicine | NAD+ | 2022 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | NAD+ biology/aging pathways — Summarizes NAD+ roles in cellular metabolism and aging-related pathways. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Systematic review of NAD/NADH supplementation | NAD+ | 2023 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Systematic review | Human supplementation studies — Evaluates safety and effectiveness of NAD+ and NADH as supplements in humans. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions | Orexin A | 2002 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Patients with narcolepsy and comparison neurological groups | Biomarker evidence is not evidence that administered Orexin A is an effective or safe treatment. | ||
| Effects of intranasal hypocretin-1 (orexin A) on sleep in narcolepsy with cataplexy | Orexin A | 2011 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Small pilot study in people with narcolepsy with cataplexy | Small pilot; not adequate to establish routine treatment, optimal delivery, or long-term safety. | ||
| FDA Orphan Drug Designation: oveporexton (TAK-861) for narcolepsy type 1 | Orexin A | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA orphan-drug designation record. | Orphan designation is not approval and does not establish efficacy, safety, product quality, or availability. This record concerns oveporexton, not native Orexin A. | ||
| Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons | Orexin A | 2000 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rodent sleep and locus-coeruleus experiments | Animal central-administration results do not establish human intranasal or systemic effects. | ||
| Intranasal orexin A modulates sympathetic vascular tone: a pilot study in healthy male humans | Orexin A | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 10 lean healthy male volunteers (mean age 25.8 ± 4.6 years), double-blind, balanced crossover pilot design | Evidence of an acute autonomic signal (increased MSNA) relevant to vascular sympathetic tone from administered intranasal orexin A in humans; blood pressure, heart rate, heart-rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were not acutely altered in this study. Small pilot sample (n=10, healthy males only); clinical significance and long-term safety remain unknown. | ||
| Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1) | Orexin A | 2008 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover intervention trial; seven patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy received intranasal Orexin A (hypocretin-1), with case-control olfactory-function comparison against 10 age/gender/BMI/smoking-matched healthy controls. | This study's focus was olfactory function, not systemic safety; the small intervention sample (n=7) is too small to draw safety conclusions, and no long-term safety data are provided. | ||
| Orexin A compound record | Orexin A | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Chemical identity database record | An identity record does not indicate FDA approval or clinical safety. | ||
| The effect of intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1) on sleep, wakefulness and attention in narcolepsy with cataplexy | Orexin A | 2014 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Fourteen patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy | Small study; repeated-use, dose-response, central exposure, and long-term safety remain uncertain. | ||
| Treatment of Narcolepsy Type 1 With Orexin: A Systematic Review | Orexin A | 2024 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Systematic review; 3 eligible human Orexin studies identified from an initial search of 70 publications. | Review article; reports no independent safety data beyond what its 3 underlying primary studies report. | ||
| U.S. FDA Accepts New Drug Application and Grants Priority Review for Oveporexton (TAK-861) for Narcolepsy Type 1 | Orexin A | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA regulatory action record (NDA acceptance and Priority Review designation). | Regulatory-status record, not a clinical safety or efficacy finding. Oveporexton's clinical trial results do not establish safety or efficacy for native Orexin A. | ||
| High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | 2019 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Women with delayed labor in a randomized trial | Uterine tachysystole and fetal effects are important dose-related outcomes. | ||
| Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | 2018 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Women delivering vaginally in a randomized controlled trial | Route-dependent hemodynamic and administration considerations require obstetric monitoring. | ||
| Intranasal Oxytocin for Adult Autism | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Intranasal Oxytocin for Female Sexual Dysfunction | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Intranasal Oxytocin in Couples | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Intranasal Oxytocin in Healthy Men | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Intranasal Oxytocin in Healthy Women | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Intranasal Oxytocin in Pediatric Autism | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Oxytocin bolus plus infusion at elective caesarean section | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | 2011 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Women undergoing elective cesarean delivery | Hemodynamic and uterine effects are route- and dose-dependent. | ||
| PITOCIN (oxytocin injection) U.S. prescribing information | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA-regulated obstetric product labeling | Warnings include uterine hyperstimulation, fetal compromise, cardiovascular effects, and water intoxication with prolonged high-dose infusion. | ||
| Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | 2013 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Systematic review of randomized trials in the third stage of labor | Review-level evidence; route, dose, and comparator varied among trials. | ||
| Water intoxication associated with oxytocin administration | Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate) | 1975 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Four obstetric cases | Hyponatremia, seizures, and severe neurologic complications can occur in susceptible high-dose/prolonged contexts. | ||
| ClinicalTrials.gov retatrutide study | Retatrutide | Ongoing | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Trial registry | Phase 3 program — Ongoing efficacy and safety evaluation. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Retatrutide | 2025 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Clinical trial data synthesis | Varied — Reported significant improvements in body weight and metabolic outcomes; calls for longer/larger trials. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Lilly retatrutide information | Retatrutide | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Official manufacturer information | Phase 3 development context — Confirms investigational status and active clinical trial development. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| Phase 2 obesity trial / liver-fat substudy | Retatrutide | 2024 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with obesity/MASLD | Up to 8 and 12 mg arms over 48 weeks; liver-fat analysis at 24 weeks — Large weight reduction and major liver-fat reduction in MASLD subgroup. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| Phase 2 type 2 diabetes trial | Retatrutide | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with type 2 diabetes | 0.5-12 mg weekly over 36 weeks — Clinically meaningful HbA1c and body-weight reductions; safety profile broadly consistent with incretin therapies. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Source includes safety/tolerability context; review adverse-event details before publishing. | |
| 168-week Barth Extension | SS-31 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Barth Syndrome Phase 2/3 and Extension | SS-31 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 12 male patients aged 12 to 35 years, genetically confirmed Barth syndrome | ||||
| Elamipretide review | SS-31 | 2025 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Structure/mechanism/action — Summarizes cardiolipin stabilization and mitochondrial effects. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| FDA Accelerated Approval Announcement — First Treatment for Barth Syndrome | SS-31 | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| Forzinity Prescribing Information | SS-31 | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Labeled adverse reactions: injection-site reactions (most common); serious hypersensitivity (contraindication); benzyl-alcohol toxicity risk (not approved for neonates); eosinophil elevations during longer exposure. Limited pregnancy, lactation, geriatric, dialysis, and lower-weight pediatric data. | |||
| MMPOWER-3 | SS-31 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Broad primary mitochondrial myopathy population (randomized, placebo-controlled) | ||||
| Novel mitochondrial-targeted peptide review | SS-31 | 2024 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Clinical/preclinical therapeutic potential — Reviews broad SS-31/elamipretide research. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| SS-31 ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria | SS-31 | 2023 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Preclinical/physiology | Aged mitochondria — Improved ADP sensitivity through mitochondrial mechanisms. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| SS-31 and aged muscle mitochondrial function | SS-31 | 2019 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Preclinical/physiology | Aging muscle — Improved mitochondrial quality and exercise tolerance in model. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| SS-31 mitochondrial interaction landscape | SS-31 | 2020 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Mechanistic study | Mitochondrial proteins/cardiolipin — Maps mitochondrial interactions and clinical trial context. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Discovery of the Once-Weekly GLP-1 Analogue Semaglutide | Semaglutide | 2015 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | In vitro receptor assays and animal pharmacology models | |||
| Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) | Semaglutide | 2021 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with overweight/obesity | |||
| RYBELSUS (semaglutide) FDA Prescribing Information | Semaglutide | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory labeling document | |||
| Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5 | Semaglutide | 2020 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review of STEP 1-5 trial program | |||
| Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6) | Semaglutide | 2016 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with type 2 diabetes, high cardiovascular risk | |||
| Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity | Semaglutide | 2023 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review article | |||
| Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide | Semaglutide | 2024 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Mechanistic review | |||
| Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia | Semax / Selank | 2008 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Clinical/mechanistic | GAD context — Discusses anxiolytic effects and mechanisms. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| FDA Evaluation of Semax-Related Bulk Drug Substances | Semax / Selank | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA Significant Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Substances | Semax / Selank | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA advisers recommend relaxing U.S. rules on compounding peptides | Semax / Selank | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| Functional connectomics of Selank/Semax | Semax / Selank | 2020 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Human neuroimaging study | Resting-state functional connectivity — Assessed effects of Selank and Semax on brain functional connectivity. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission | Semax / Selank | 2016 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Animal/model study | Neurotransmission gene expression — Selank altered expression of neurotransmission-related genes. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Selank and phenazepam combination study | Semax / Selank | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Selank compared with phenazepam | Semax / Selank | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Selank in generalized anxiety disorder and neurasthenia | Semax / Selank | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Semax review | Semax / Selank | 2025 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Neuroprotective/nootropic research — Summarizes Semax pharmacology and possible neuroprotective applications. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome | Semax / Selank | 2006 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Dopamine/BDNF/nootropic effects — Discusses Semax effects on memory, attention, dopamine, and BDNF. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis | Semax / Selank | 2014 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Animal/model study | Brain ischemia/neuroprotection pathways — Shows Semax effects on genes related to vascular and immune response pathways. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List | Sermorelin | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Anti-doping regulatory standard | Anti-doping status is not a clinical safety or efficacy determination. | ||
| Determination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection Was Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness | Sermorelin | 2013 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA regulatory determination | This determination does not mean the products remain approved and marketed, and it does not establish safety for modern compounded adult-wellness use. | ||
| Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women | Sermorelin | 1997 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 19 adults (10 women, 9 men), ages 55-71, placebo-controlled | |||
| FDA clinical review discussion of historical Geref diagnostic and pediatric use | Sermorelin | 2010 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA review of historical regulatory and safety information | Historical safety findings were indication-, population-, dose-, and route-specific and cannot be extrapolated to contemporary compounded adult use. | ||
| Geref (sermorelin) FDA Approval and Withdrawal History | Sermorelin | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory approval/withdrawal history | |||
| Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group | Sermorelin | 1996 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Children with growth-hormone deficiency | Use the original publication and historical FDA labeling for detailed adverse-event interpretation. | ||
| Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? | Sermorelin | 2006 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Editorial/perspective piece on adult-onset GH insufficiency management | |||
| Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency | Sermorelin | 1999 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review of pediatric GHD diagnostic and therapeutic use | |||
| The effect of intravenous, subcutaneous, and intranasal GH-RH analog, [Nle27]GHRH(1-29)-NH2, on growth hormone secretion in normal men: dose-response relationships | Sermorelin | 1986 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Normal adult men | The abstract reported no adverse effect in this small acute study; this does not establish long-term safety. | ||
| A Multi-center, Randomized, Positive-control, Phase 2&3 Combined Study of Y-shape Pegylated Somatropin in Prepubertal Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency | Somatropin | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | 434 prepubertal children with GHD | |||
| Effects of low dose versus high dose human growth hormone on body composition and lipids in adults with GH deficiency: a meta-analysis | Somatropin | 2015 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Meta-analysis, 22 trials, 591 GH-treated + 562 placebo adults with GHD | |||
| Exercise capacity and hormonal response in adults with childhood onset growth hormone deficiency during long-term somatropin treatment | Somatropin | 1998 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 20 adults with childhood-onset GHD | |||
| FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety review of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (somatropin) and possible increased risk of death | Somatropin | 2010 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | French cohort (SAGhE study) treated with GH during childhood | |||
| Long-term Safety of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency: Overview of 15,809 GH-Treated Patients | Somatropin | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 15,809 GH-treated adults with GHD (KIMS/Pfizer international registry) | |||
| OMNITROPE (somatropin) FDA-Approved Prescribing Label | Somatropin | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory labeling document | |||
| Relative Bioavailability of a Single 4-mg Dose of Somatropin Administered Subcutaneously by Needle-Free Injection | Somatropin | 2018 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 57 healthy adults (pharmacokinetic/bioequivalence study) | |||
| Somatropin treatment of spinal muscular atrophy: a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover pilot study | Somatropin | 2014 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 19 patients with spinal muscular atrophy | |||
| A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis | Survodutide | 2024 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 293 adults with non-cirrhotic MASH (39% with type 2 diabetes) | |||
| A review of survodutide: a new dual acting agonist | Survodutide | 2026 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review article | |||
| Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of survodutide, a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, in cirrhosis | Survodutide | 2024 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 82 participants: healthy + Child-Pugh A/B/C cirrhosis | |||
| Survodutide for treatment of obesity: rationale and design of two randomized phase 3 clinical trials (SYNCHRONIZE-1 and -2) | Survodutide | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | SYNCHRONIZE-1 (n=726, no T2D); SYNCHRONIZE-2 (n=755, with T2D) | |||
| Survodutide improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: A post hoc analysis | Survodutide | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Post-hoc analysis of obesity trial participants | |||
| The dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide: Biomarkers and pharmacological profiling for clinical candidate selection | Survodutide | 2024 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | CHO-K1 cells (in vitro); diet-induced-obese mice; db/db mice | |||
| FDA Advisory Panel Vote on Unapproved Peptides | TB-500 | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA Evaluation of TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances | TB-500 | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| RGN-259 Dry Eye Trial | TB-500 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Recombinant Thymosin Beta-4 in Acute Myocardial Infarction | TB-500 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients | TB-500 | 2012 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Wound repair mechanisms — Discusses migration, stem-cell mobilization, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Thymosin Beta-4 and Venous Ulcers | TB-500 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Thymosin Beta-4 in Pressure Ulcers | TB-500 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| Thymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent | TB-500 | 2009 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Corneal injury/inflammation — Summarizes corneal wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Thymosin beta-4 regenerative peptide review | TB-500 | 2011 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Review | Basic science and clinical applications — Reviews repair/regeneration roles in injured tissues. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing | TB-500 | 1999 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | Rat wound model | Topical/intraperitoneal Tβ4 — Increased re-epithelialization and wound contraction in rat model. | Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy. | |
| Effects of Tesamorelin on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial | Tesamorelin | 2019 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | People with HIV and NAFLD | Randomized trial — Reduced liver fat and suggested potential benefit for NAFLD in PLWH. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension | Tesamorelin | 2010 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 404 antiretroviral-treated adults with HIV and excess abdominal fat | Daily subcutaneous tesamorelin vs placebo, randomized 2:1, for 6 months with a 6-month safety extension — visceral adipose tissue decreased 10.9% (-21 cm2) vs 0.6% (-1 cm2) with placebo; effect sustained at 12 months. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| FDA label for Egrifta | Tesamorelin | 2019 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Regulatory label | Approved indication — Defines labeled indication, warnings, adverse reactions, and dosing context. | Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch. | |
| Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV | Tesamorelin | 2007 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with HIV and visceral fat accumulation | Daily tesamorelin for 26 weeks — Reduced visceral fat and improved lipid parameters in trial population. | Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions. | |
| Modern INSTI-era tesamorelin analysis | Tesamorelin | 2024 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | People with HIV | Clinical trial/review context — Supports visceral fat effects in modern antiretroviral era; notes tesamorelin is approved for this HIV indication. | Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review. | |
| FDA Approvals of Mounjaro and Zepbound (tirzepatide) | Tirzepatide | Current | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A — regulatory approval history | No source link available | ||
| Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025) | Tirzepatide | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 65,974 FDA FAERS adverse-event reports | |||
| Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1) | Tirzepatide | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with obesity/overweight, no diabetes (n=2539) | |||
| Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention | Tirzepatide | 2024 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Subset of SURMOUNT-1 participants with obesity + prediabetes | |||
| Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist | Tirzepatide | 2020 | Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data | HEK293/CHO-K1 cell lines; mouse pancreatic islets (wild-type and beta-arrestin1-deficient) | |||
| Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2) | Tirzepatide | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Adults with obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes | |||
| Weight loss efficiency and safety of tirzepatide: A Systematic review | Tirzepatide | 2023 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Systematic review and meta-analysis | |||
| Cardiovascular effects of VIP in healthy subjects | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| FDA Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA Orphan Drug Designation Record for Aviptadil | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | ||||
| FDA Orphan Drug Designation: aviptadil for pulmonary arterial hypertension | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2005 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA orphan-drug designation record | Orphan designation is not approval and does not establish efficacy or safety. | ||
| FDA Orphan Drug Designation: aviptadil for sarcoidosis | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2020 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | FDA orphan-drug designation record | Orphan designation is not approval and does not establish efficacy, safety, product quality, or legal availability of unapproved formulations. | ||
| Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2008 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Patients with pulmonary hypertension in an acute inhalation study | Acute hemodynamic changes do not establish durable clinical outcomes or safety of other routes. | ||
| Inhaled Aviptadil Is a New Hope for Recovery of Lung Damage due to COVID-19 | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2025 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | 80 hospitalized adults with COVID-19 pneumonia and lung damage (mean age 55.8 ± 18.5 years; 33.8% female), 9 clinical centers | Findings are specific to the inhaled route and this hospitalized COVID-19-pneumonia population; treatment was reported well-tolerated with no dropouts due to adverse effects in this small trial (n=80). This does not establish safety or efficacy for intravenous, subcutaneous, compounded, or other aviptadil formulations, nor for other indications (including pulmonary arterial hypertension or sarcoidosis, the orphan-designated indications) -- and stands in contrast to the negative result of the large TESICO intravenous-aviptadil trial, conducted in a more severely ill critical-hypoxaemic-respiratory-failure population with a larger, more serious safety-outcome dataset. Cross-trial comparison is limited by differing populations, severity, and routes. | ||
| Inhaled VIP in pulmonary sarcoidosis | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Hospitalized adults with COVID-19-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure at 28 U.S. sites | Negative/neutral confirmatory evidence must remain prominent; route-specific safety monitoring was required. | ||
| NCT04311697: Intravenous Aviptadil for Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory Failure | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2020 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Registered clinical trial in critical COVID-19 respiratory failure | A registry entry is not a completed-results publication and does not establish benefit. | ||
| Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2019 | Review Articles / Secondary Sources | Narrative review | Review article; not a primary efficacy trial. | ||
| The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2022 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Randomized trial in critical COVID-19 respiratory failure | Route-specific adverse events and critical-illness context limit generalization. | ||
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2003 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | Small clinical investigation in primary pulmonary hypertension | Small, early study; does not establish approval or generalizable long-term efficacy. | ||
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide compound record | VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | Chemical identity database record | Identity does not establish approval of a formulation or indication. | ||
| 25-Year Pulsatile GnRH Cohort | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| BPC-157/TB-500 10mg Blend — Vendor Product Listing | Anecdotal Reports | ||||||
| Cagrilintide/Semaglutide Blend 5mg/5mg — Vendor Product Listing | Anecdotal Reports | ||||||
| Current Veterinary Factrel Label | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| DSIP and insomnia report | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| EGRIFTA SV- tesamorelin kit | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| EGRIFTA WR- tesamorelin kit | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| Epitalon and melatonin/circadian report | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| FDA Briefing Document — Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (Ipamorelin Bulk Substances) | 2024 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| FDA Evaluation of Emideltide-Related Bulk Drug Substances | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| FDA Proposal to Exclude Liraglutide from 503B Bulks List | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| Innovent Announces NMPA Approval of Mazdutide for Type 2 Diabetes Glycemic Control | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | N/A -- regulatory approval announcement, based on Phase 3 trials DREAMS-1 (NCT05628311) and DREAMS-2 (NCT05606913) | ||||
| LEADER Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| MitoCore Editorial Note — Same-Vial Convenience Framing Methodology | 2026 | MitoCore Editorial Search Audits | MitoCore internal editorial record — no external link | ||||
| Pulsatile GnRH Ovulation and Pregnancy | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| Pulsatile GnRH for Hypothalamic Amenorrhea | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| Retatrutide + Cagrilintide Blend — Vendor Product Listing | Anecdotal Reports | ||||||
| Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptor Agonist, for People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Phase 2 Trial | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| SCALE Insulin Trial | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes Trial | Human Studies & Clinical Data | ||||||
| Saxenda Approval Letter June 2026 | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| Saxenda Prescribing Information | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| Semax/Selank Blend 10mg/10mg — Vendor Product Listing | Anecdotal Reports | ||||||
| Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity | 2026 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Tesamorelin 12mg + Ipamorelin 6mg — Vendor Product Listing | Anecdotal Reports | ||||||
| Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial | 2023 | Human Studies & Clinical Data | |||||
| Victoza Prescribing Information | 2025 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries | |||||
| WEGOVY- semaglutide injection, solution WEGOVY- semaglutide tablet | 2026 | Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries |
5-AMQ LC-MS/MS Assay in Rat Plasma and Urine
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
5MQ Antiproliferative Activity in HeLa Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA GSRS 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium
5-Amino-1MQ· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
LC-MS/MS assay for 5-AMQ
5-Amino-1MQ· 2021
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Analytical method
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Bioanalytical assay — Developed assay for 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
NNMT Inhibition in Bladder Cancer Models
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
NNMT Inhibition in Kidney Fibrosis Models
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
NNMT roles in obesity and 5-amino-1MQ
5-Amino-1MQ· 2021
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Obesity/metabolic pathway — Summarizes 5-amino-1MQ-treated mouse findings and NNMT obesity biology.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
PubChem 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium
5-Amino-1MQ· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Reduced calorie diet plus NNMT inhibition
5-Amino-1MQ· 2022
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Mouse microbiome/metabolic study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Diet-induced obese mice — Evaluated microbiome/metabolic effects of NNMT inhibition with diet.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Reduced-Calorie Diet and NNMT Inhibition in DIO Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Selective NNMT inhibitors including 5-amino-1MQ
5-Amino-1MQ· 2018
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Preclinical/cell/mouse
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Adipocyte and mouse studies — 5-amino-1MQ inhibited NNMT and reduced adiposity/metabolic markers in models.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
A Phase IIa study of the efficacy and safety of oral LAT8881 in neuropathic pain: protocol and development background
AOD-9604· 2019
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Clinical study design with sponsor development summary
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Sponsor study-design background is useful regulatory/identity context but does not replace peer-reviewed reporting of each legacy trial.
A synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of human growth hormone inhibits lipogenesis in rat adipose tissue
AOD-9604· 1993
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rat adipose-tissue/animal models
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical metabolic effects do not establish human weight-loss efficacy or safety.
AOD-9604 Development Summary
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
AOD9604, a fragment of human growth hormone, reduces body weight and increases lipolysis in obese Zucker rats
AOD-9604· 2000
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Obese Zucker rats
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Animal obesity-model results were not confirmed as clinically meaningful weight loss in later human obesity development.
Effects of the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone on glucose transport in rat adipocytes
AOD-9604· 1993
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rat adipocytes
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Cell-model metabolic findings cannot be used as human dosing or outcome evidence.
FDA Evaluation of AOD-9604-Related Bulk Drug Substances
AOD-9604· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA review of AOD-9604-related bulk drug substances for the Section 503A Bulks List
AOD-9604· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Regulatory chemistry, effectiveness, and safety review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- FDA discussed potential immunogenicity, aggregation/degradation, formulation uncertainty, limited effectiveness evidence, and incomplete safety information.
Fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice
AOD-9604· 2001
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Animal model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- AOD exposure — Reported reduced weight gain and increased fat oxidation.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
In vitro metabolism and detection of the growth-hormone fragment AOD9604
AOD-9604· 2015
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Analytical and in-vitro metabolism study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Analytical detection research is not evidence of weight-loss efficacy or clinical safety.
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Safety and metabolism of AOD9604
AOD-9604· 2014
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Safety/metabolism paper
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Toxicology/pharmacokinetics — Reports safety-focused data; efficacy claims remain limited.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Synthetic lipolytic domain metabolic studies
AOD-9604· 2000
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Animal model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Obese Zucker rats — Studied metabolic actions of AOD9604.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta3-adrenergic receptor-knockout mice
AOD-9604· 2001
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Obese mice and beta3-adrenergic receptor-knockout mice
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Mouse findings do not establish clinical effectiveness, appropriate human use, or long-term human safety.
hGH and AOD9604 obese mice study
AOD-9604· 2001
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Animal model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- 14-day chronic administration — Reduced body weight/body fat in obese mice.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo
Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)· 2014
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with vitiligo receiving narrowband UV-B with or without afamelanotide
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Exploratory indication; does not establish cosmetic tanning use.
Afamelanotide for erythropoietic protoporphyria
Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)· 2015
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria in European and U.S. randomized trials
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Pigmentation and implant-site effects were monitored; long-term surveillance remains relevant.
FDA approval letter for Scenesse (afamelanotide) implant
Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)· 2019
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA approval record for adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Approval is product-, route-, and indication-specific.
SCENESSE (afamelanotide) current U.S. prescribing information
Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA-approved product labeling for adults with EPP
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Labeling includes implantation and skin-monitoring considerations; unregulated tanning products are not equivalent.
Scenesse European public assessment and product information
Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)· 2014
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- European regulatory assessment for EPP
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- EU authorization and monitoring are specific to the approved implant and EPP population.
Advisory Panel Vote on BPC-157
BPC-157· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
BPC-157 Musculoskeletal Evidence Review
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
BPC-157 Translational Development Barriers
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
BPC-157 for Acute Hamstring Strain
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA peptide safety page
BPC-157· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Regulatory safety context
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Compounded BPC-157 — Notes immunogenicity/impurity/API characterization concerns and limited safety information.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
BPC-157· 2019
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Preclinical literature — Reviews feasibility and limitations for healing claims.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Regeneration or risk narrative review
BPC-157· 2025
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- BPC-157 mechanisms/safety concerns — Summarizes regenerative potential and lack of large rigorous trials.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study
BPC-157· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 2 healthy adults
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- IV infusion up to 20 mg — Very small pilot reported tolerability, not efficacy.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Source includes safety/tolerability context; review adverse-event details before publishing.
Bremelanotide Ambulatory Blood Pressure Study
Bremelanotide (PT-141)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Bremelanotide effects on sexual arousal in premenopausal women
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2006
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Premenopausal women in a controlled experimental study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small experimental study; not equivalent to phase 3 efficacy or long-term safety evidence.
Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized phase 2b study
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2016
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Premenopausal women with female sexual dysfunctions
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Nausea, flushing, headache, and blood-pressure effects informed later dose selection.
Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two randomized phase 3 trials
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2019
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Premenopausal women with acquired, generalized HSDD in the RECONNECT trials
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Nausea and other adverse effects were common; cardiovascular labeling was informed by the broader program.
Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of intranasal PT-141 in men with erectile dysfunction
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2004
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Men with erectile dysfunction
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- The intranasal development program is not the same formulation or approved indication as Vyleesi.
Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneous PT-141
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2004
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy men and men with erectile dysfunction
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Early small studies do not establish use in men under the current FDA label.
FDA review identifying bremelanotide as previously known as PT-141
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2019
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA new-drug-application review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- The review discusses blood-pressure and immunogenicity considerations within the application.
Long-Term Bremelanotide Study
Bremelanotide (PT-141)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Safety profile of bremelanotide across the clinical development program
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Pooled participants from bremelanotide clinical studies
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Blood-pressure cautions and cardiovascular-risk context remain important despite transient mean changes.
VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) U.S. prescribing information
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2019
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA-approved labeling for premenopausal women with acquired, generalized HSDD
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Contraindicated with uncontrolled hypertension or known cardiovascular disease; warnings include transient blood-pressure increases, nausea, and focal hyperpigmentation.
Vyleesi Current Prescribing Information
Bremelanotide (PT-141)· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
A Study to Evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV Patients With Visceral Obesity
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2006
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Trial registry record; study terminated
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- A trial registry is not a completed-results publication.
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — CJC-1295
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA compounding safety summary
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- FDA identifies serious adverse events associated with CJC-1295, including increased heart rate and systemic vasodilatory reaction.
FDA Evaluation of CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances for the 503A Bulks List
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA chemistry, safety, effectiveness, and compounding evaluation
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- FDA discussed peptide aggregation, impurities, immunogenicity, injection-product quality, acute adverse reactions, preclinical concerns, and limited clinical data.
FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Review of CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory committee determination
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2005
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rat pharmacology and albumin-bioconjugation experiments
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical pharmacology does not establish human safety.
Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2006
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- GHRH-knockout mice
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2006
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy adults ages 21-61 (two randomized controlled trials)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog
CJC-1295 with DAC· 2006
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy men ages 20-40
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (REDEFINE 1)
Cagrilintide· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 3,417 adults with overweight/obesity
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue
Cagrilintide· Current
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Medicinal chemistry development review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide for weight management in people with type 2 diabetes
Cagrilintide· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 92 adults with type 2 diabetes
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Novo Nordisk files for FDA approval of CagriSema, the first once-weekly combination of GLP-1 and amylin analogues for weight management
Cagrilintide· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory filing announcement
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight or obesity: a phase 2 trial
Cagrilintide· 2021
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 706 adults with overweight/obesity
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
GHK-Cu MMP/TIMP Modulation in Fibroblasts
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
GHK-Cu and Extracellular Matrix in Wounds
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide
GHK-Cu· 2022
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Skin/wound/aging biology — Summarizes skin remodeling, wound healing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Topical GHK-Cu Gel for Acute Skin Wound Healing
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Topical GHK-Cu in Diabetic Neuropathic Ulcers
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
A simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2007
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 77 healthy adults + 58 adults with GH deficiency
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — GHRP-2
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA compounding safety summary
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- FDA notes reports including increased insulin requirement, deaths in critically ill study subjects, infection, and pancreatitis, while stating that causality has not been established.
Clinical Usefulness of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Test for Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorder
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 36 adults with hypothalamic-pituitary disorder
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Determination of growth hormone secretagogue pralmorelin (GHRP-2) and its metabolite in human urine by LC/ESI tandem mass spectrometry
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2010
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 10 male volunteers
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Effects of GHRP-2 and hexarelin, two synthetic GH-releasing peptides, on GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol levels in man. Comparison with the effects of GHRH, TRH and hCRH
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 1997
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Six healthy young adults and six healthy elderly subjects
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small, acute physiology study; it does not establish repeated-use safety.
Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in the GHRH knockout mouse
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2005
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- GHRH-knockout mice
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
GHRP Kaken 100 Injection — Pralmorelin Hydrochloride Official Product Information
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Official Japanese diagnostic product information
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Official product contraindications, precautions, and adverse reactions should be read in the current Japanese label; the diagnostic use should not be generalized to chronic treatment.
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2005
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 7 lean healthy men
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Attenuation of Protein Kinase C-Induced Inflammation in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2016
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- KGN human ovarian granulosa cells and primary rat granulosa cells
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Investigation of the clinical significance of the growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal failure
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2016
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 47 adults tested for secondary adrenal insufficiency
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Pralmorelin: GHRP 2, GPA 748, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2, KP-102 D, KP-102 LN, KP-102D, KP-102LN
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)· 2004
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Drug-development review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; primary studies and official product information should support specific clinical and safety claims.
Blocked growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection
GHRP-6· 1995
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 12 patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection + 11 controls
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — GHRP-6
GHRP-6· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA compounding safety summary
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- FDA notes potential effects on cortisol and increased blood glucose associated with decreased insulin sensitivity.
GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-6 for diagnostic testing in GH-deficient adults
GHRP-6· 2000
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults evaluated for growth-hormone deficiency
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Diagnostic-test performance does not establish therapeutic benefit or repeated-use safety.
GHRP-6 mimics ghrelin-induced stimulation of food intake and suppression of locomotor activity in goldfish
GHRP-6· 2012
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Goldfish
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 Enhances the Healing Process and Improves the Esthetic Outcome of the Wounds
GHRP-6· 2016
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
GHRP-6· 1997
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 6 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus + 7 controls
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation
GHRP-6· 1998
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 9 healthy males
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP-6) stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover in human pituitary somatotroph cells
GHRP-6· 1995
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Cultured human pituitary somatotrophinoma cells
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Cell-study findings do not establish clinical safety or benefit.
Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms
GHRP-6· 2024
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Wistar rats (n=12/group), doxorubicin cardiomyopathy model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth hormone-releasing effect of oral growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) administration in children with short stature
GHRP-6· 1995
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 13 prepubertal children with short stature
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) hydrogel for acute kidney injury therapy via metabolic regulation
GHRP-6· 2025
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Mouse acute-kidney-injury model + HK-2 human cells in vitro
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Pharmacokinetic study of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in nine male healthy volunteers
GHRP-6· 2013
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Nine healthy male volunteers
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Very small sample and acute exposure; not evidence of long-term safety or clinical benefit.
Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects
GHRP-6· 2017
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Historical review of GHRP mechanism and cytoprotective evidence
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Use of growth-hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) for the prevention of multiple organ failure
GHRP-6· 2006
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Wistar rats (hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model); IEC-6/HT29 cells in vitro
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Availability of FDA-approved gonadotropins
HCG· 2023
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- US prescribing context — Notes hCG as an FDA-approved option relevant to hypogonadism/fertility.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Chorionic Gonadotropin Labeling with Obesity Warning
HCG· 2011
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA hCG label
HCG· 2011
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Regulatory label
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Approved drug label — Lists indications, contraindications, warnings, and adverse reactions.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
Indications for hCG use in male infertility
HCG· 2018
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Men desiring fertility preservation — Reviews hCG for maintaining/re-establishing spermatogenesis.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Ineffectiveness of hCG in Weight Reduction
HCG·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Novarel Labeling
HCG· 2011
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Pregnyl Prescribing Information
HCG· 2023
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
hCG Biological Functions and Clinical Applications
HCG·
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
hCG and Weight Loss Double-Blind Trial
HCG·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
hCG treatment for male infertility/hypogonadism
HCG· 2020
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Male infertility/hypogonadism — Discusses LH-like action and testosterone/sperm effects.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
A randomized assessor-blind trial comparing highly purified menotropin and recombinant FSH in a GnRH antagonist cycle with compulsory single-blastocyst transfer
HMG / Menotropins· 2012
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 749 women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation and single-blastocyst transfer
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Findings are specific to the controlled trial design and monitored ART setting.
Highly purified HMG versus recombinant FSH for ovarian stimulation in IVF cycles
HMG / Menotropins· 2008
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 986 women randomized in IVF cycles
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- The study was conducted with specialist ovarian monitoring.
MENOPUR (menotropins for injection) U.S. prescribing information
HMG / Menotropins· 2018
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA-regulated product labeling for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Warnings include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, pulmonary or vascular complications, ovarian torsion, and multi-fetal gestation.
Randomized, assessor-blinded trial comparing highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin and recombinant FSH in high responders
HMG / Menotropins· 2020
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 620 women predicted to be high responders undergoing assisted reproduction
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- The study does not remove established gonadotropin risks, including ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple gestation.
Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 1999
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 7 male volunteers
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Age-related variations in the neuroendocrine response to hexarelin
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 1997
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy subjects across age groups
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Acute endocrine study; does not establish repeated-use safety.
CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 2002
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rat cardiac membrane receptor purification; CD36-null mice
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Chronic administration of hexarelin attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 2012
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Comparison of the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and hexarelin on growth hormone secretion in humans with or without glucocorticoid excess
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 1995
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 8 patients with glucocorticoid excess + 6 controls
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during by-pass surgery
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 2002
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 24 coronary artery disease patients undergoing bypass surgery
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
GH-independent cardiotropic activities of hexarelin in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction due to dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 2002
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 8 dilated cardiomyopathy + 5 ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, plus healthy/GHD comparison groups
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in humans. A dose-response study
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 1994
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy volunteers
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small acute pharmacology study; it does not establish long-term therapeutic benefit or safety.
Hexarelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, discloses protectant activity against cardiovascular damage in rats with isolated growth hormone deficiency
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 1997
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- GHRH-antibody-induced growth-hormone-deficient rats
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Impact of two or three daily subcutaneous injections of hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, on 24-h GH, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in humans
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 2002
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Human repeated-administration endocrine study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Short-term endocrine study; it does not establish long-term clinical outcomes or long-term safety.
The cardiovascular action of hexarelin
Hexarelin (Examorelin)· 2014
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review of the CD36 mechanism and cardiac trial data
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
ClinicalTrials.gov ileus study
Ipamorelin· Registry
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Trial registry
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Postoperative ileus — Registry record for safety/efficacy evaluation.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Ipamorelin· 1998
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Preclinical/early pharmacology
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- In vitro and in vivo pharmacology — Describes high GH-releasing potency and selectivity.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers
Ipamorelin· 1999
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy male volunteers
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Dose-escalation infusion — Characterized GH stimulation time course after ipamorelin.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
Phase 2 postoperative ileus proof of concept
Ipamorelin· 2014
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Postoperative ileus patients
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Randomized phase 2 study — Evaluated safety and efficacy for ileus, not wellness use.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Source includes safety/tolerability context; review adverse-event details before publishing.
Rodent postoperative ileus model
Ipamorelin· 2016
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rodent model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Preclinical — Accelerated gastric emptying through ghrelin/gastric contractility pathways.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Alpha-MSH related peptides review
KPV· 2007
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Anti-inflammatory mechanisms — Summarizes alpha-MSH/KPV anti-inflammatory pathways.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
FDA Evaluation of KPV-Related Bulk Drug Substances
KPV· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
KPV anti-inflammatory comparison
KPV· 2003
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Preclinical
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Inflammatory models — Analyzed KPV anti-inflammatory effects relative to other MSH peptides.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease
KPV· 2007
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Murine colitis models
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Preclinical — Reported significant anti-inflammatory effects in murine colitis models.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation
KPV· 2008
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Cell/intestinal inflammation models
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- KPV uptake and inflammation signaling — Showed PepT1-mediated KPV effects reducing intestinal inflammation in models.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Direct comparison of intravenous kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54 in healthy men
Kisspeptin-10· 2015
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy men
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Acute physiology comparison; long-term safety was not assessed.
FDA Significant Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Substances
Kisspeptin-10· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis reactivation by kisspeptin-10 in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea
Kisspeptin-10· 2017
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea in an exploratory study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Exploratory sample; does not establish routine treatment or pregnancy outcomes.
Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men
Kisspeptin-10· 2011
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy adult men in dose-response bolus and infusion studies
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Short controlled physiology study; not designed to establish long-term therapeutic safety.
Kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone
Kisspeptin-10· 2013
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Hypotestosteronemic men with type 2 diabetes
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small, short-term study; it does not establish chronic therapy or clinical outcomes.
Kisspeptin-54 IVF Oocyte Maturation
Kisspeptin-10·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Repeated Kisspeptin-54 and Tachyphylaxis
Kisspeptin-10·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
The effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humans
Kisspeptin-10· 2011
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Healthy men and women studied across reproductive contexts
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small experimental study with short observation.
Exercise-Induced Endogenous MOTS-c
MOTS-C· 2021
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA July 2026 PCAC MOTS-c Evaluation
MOTS-C· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA peptide compounding safety page
MOTS-C· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Regulatory safety context
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Compounded peptide substances — States FDA lacks important safety information and human exposure data for compounded MOTS-C.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
MOTS-C discovery/metabolic homeostasis
MOTS-C· 2015
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Animal/mechanistic
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Mouse metabolic models — Reported metabolic homeostasis effects and reduced obesity/insulin resistance in models.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
MOTS-C promising MDP review
MOTS-C· 2023
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Metabolic and aging biology — Describes nuclear regulation and age-related decline discussion.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
MOTS-C review
MOTS-C· 2022
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Mitochondrial-derived peptide biology — Summarizes mechanisms and therapeutic potential in age-related disorders.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
MOTS-c Nuclear Translocation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
MOTS-c and Insulin Sensitivity
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Phase 3 Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of IBI362 Versus Semaglutide in Chinese Participants With Early Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity (DREAMS-3)
Mazdutide· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- 349 Chinese adults with early type 2 diabetes and obesity
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity
Mazdutide· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 248 adults, 20 hospitals in China, mean BMI 31.8
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval From China's NMPA for Chronic Weight Management
Mazdutide· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory approval announcement
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial
Mazdutide· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Chinese adults, BMI >=24 with comorbidity or BMI >=28, ages 18-75
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Clinical evidence for targeting NAD therapeutically
NAD+· 2020
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Human clinical evidence overview — Reviews clinical NAD+ pharmacology evidence and limitations.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Direct IV NAD+ Metabolome Pilot
NAD+· 2019
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 8 NAD+ infusion participants, 3 controls
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Sterile Compounding Warning for NAD+
NAD+· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
IV NAD+ in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
NAD+· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
IV NAD+ metabolome pilot
NAD+· TBD
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Human pilot
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- 6-hour IV NAD+ infusion — Studied plasma/urine NAD+ metabolome changes during IV infusion.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
NAD+ Anti-aging and Wellness Evidence (2026 Review)
NAD+· 2026
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
NAD+ Versus NR IV Tolerability
NAD+· 2026
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
NAD+ infusion pilot in substance use disorder
NAD+· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Pilot study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- SUD context — Suggests rationale for further trials; not broad proof of wellness claims.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
Role of NAD+ in regenerative medicine
NAD+· 2022
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- NAD+ biology/aging pathways — Summarizes NAD+ roles in cellular metabolism and aging-related pathways.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Systematic review of NAD/NADH supplementation
NAD+· 2023
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Systematic review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Human supplementation studies — Evaluates safety and effectiveness of NAD+ and NADH as supplements in humans.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions
Orexin A· 2002
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Patients with narcolepsy and comparison neurological groups
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Biomarker evidence is not evidence that administered Orexin A is an effective or safe treatment.
Effects of intranasal hypocretin-1 (orexin A) on sleep in narcolepsy with cataplexy
Orexin A· 2011
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Small pilot study in people with narcolepsy with cataplexy
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small pilot; not adequate to establish routine treatment, optimal delivery, or long-term safety.
FDA Orphan Drug Designation: oveporexton (TAK-861) for narcolepsy type 1
Orexin A· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA orphan-drug designation record.
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Orphan designation is not approval and does not establish efficacy, safety, product quality, or availability. This record concerns oveporexton, not native Orexin A.
Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons
Orexin A· 2000
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rodent sleep and locus-coeruleus experiments
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Animal central-administration results do not establish human intranasal or systemic effects.
Intranasal orexin A modulates sympathetic vascular tone: a pilot study in healthy male humans
Orexin A· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 10 lean healthy male volunteers (mean age 25.8 ± 4.6 years), double-blind, balanced crossover pilot design
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Evidence of an acute autonomic signal (increased MSNA) relevant to vascular sympathetic tone from administered intranasal orexin A in humans; blood pressure, heart rate, heart-rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were not acutely altered in this study. Small pilot sample (n=10, healthy males only); clinical significance and long-term safety remain unknown.
Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1)
Orexin A· 2008
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover intervention trial; seven patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy received intranasal Orexin A (hypocretin-1), with case-control olfactory-function comparison against 10 age/gender/BMI/smoking-matched healthy controls.
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- This study's focus was olfactory function, not systemic safety; the small intervention sample (n=7) is too small to draw safety conclusions, and no long-term safety data are provided.
Orexin A compound record
Orexin A· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Chemical identity database record
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- An identity record does not indicate FDA approval or clinical safety.
The effect of intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1) on sleep, wakefulness and attention in narcolepsy with cataplexy
Orexin A· 2014
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Fourteen patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small study; repeated-use, dose-response, central exposure, and long-term safety remain uncertain.
Treatment of Narcolepsy Type 1 With Orexin: A Systematic Review
Orexin A· 2024
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Systematic review; 3 eligible human Orexin studies identified from an initial search of 70 publications.
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Review article; reports no independent safety data beyond what its 3 underlying primary studies report.
U.S. FDA Accepts New Drug Application and Grants Priority Review for Oveporexton (TAK-861) for Narcolepsy Type 1
Orexin A· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA regulatory action record (NDA acceptance and Priority Review designation).
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Regulatory-status record, not a clinical safety or efficacy finding. Oveporexton's clinical trial results do not establish safety or efficacy for native Orexin A.
High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)· 2019
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Women with delayed labor in a randomized trial
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Uterine tachysystole and fetal effects are important dose-related outcomes.
Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)· 2018
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Women delivering vaginally in a randomized controlled trial
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Route-dependent hemodynamic and administration considerations require obstetric monitoring.
Intranasal Oxytocin for Adult Autism
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Intranasal Oxytocin for Female Sexual Dysfunction
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Intranasal Oxytocin in Couples
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Intranasal Oxytocin in Healthy Men
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Intranasal Oxytocin in Healthy Women
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Intranasal Oxytocin in Pediatric Autism
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Oxytocin bolus plus infusion at elective caesarean section
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)· 2011
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Women undergoing elective cesarean delivery
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Hemodynamic and uterine effects are route- and dose-dependent.
PITOCIN (oxytocin injection) U.S. prescribing information
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA-regulated obstetric product labeling
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Warnings include uterine hyperstimulation, fetal compromise, cardiovascular effects, and water intoxication with prolonged high-dose infusion.
Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)· 2013
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Systematic review of randomized trials in the third stage of labor
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Review-level evidence; route, dose, and comparator varied among trials.
Water intoxication associated with oxytocin administration
Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)· 1975
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Four obstetric cases
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Hyponatremia, seizures, and severe neurologic complications can occur in susceptible high-dose/prolonged contexts.
ClinicalTrials.gov retatrutide study
Retatrutide· Ongoing
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Trial registry
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Phase 3 program — Ongoing efficacy and safety evaluation.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Retatrutide· 2025
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Clinical trial data synthesis
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Varied — Reported significant improvements in body weight and metabolic outcomes; calls for longer/larger trials.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Lilly retatrutide information
Retatrutide· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Official manufacturer information
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Phase 3 development context — Confirms investigational status and active clinical trial development.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
Phase 2 obesity trial / liver-fat substudy
Retatrutide· 2024
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with obesity/MASLD
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Up to 8 and 12 mg arms over 48 weeks; liver-fat analysis at 24 weeks — Large weight reduction and major liver-fat reduction in MASLD subgroup.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
Phase 2 type 2 diabetes trial
Retatrutide· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with type 2 diabetes
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- 0.5-12 mg weekly over 36 weeks — Clinically meaningful HbA1c and body-weight reductions; safety profile broadly consistent with incretin therapies.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Source includes safety/tolerability context; review adverse-event details before publishing.
168-week Barth Extension
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Barth Syndrome Phase 2/3 and Extension
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 12 male patients aged 12 to 35 years, genetically confirmed Barth syndrome
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Elamipretide review
SS-31· 2025
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Structure/mechanism/action — Summarizes cardiolipin stabilization and mitochondrial effects.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
FDA Accelerated Approval Announcement — First Treatment for Barth Syndrome
SS-31· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Forzinity Prescribing Information
SS-31· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Labeled adverse reactions: injection-site reactions (most common); serious hypersensitivity (contraindication); benzyl-alcohol toxicity risk (not approved for neonates); eosinophil elevations during longer exposure. Limited pregnancy, lactation, geriatric, dialysis, and lower-weight pediatric data.
MMPOWER-3
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Broad primary mitochondrial myopathy population (randomized, placebo-controlled)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Novel mitochondrial-targeted peptide review
SS-31· 2024
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Clinical/preclinical therapeutic potential — Reviews broad SS-31/elamipretide research.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
SS-31 ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria
SS-31· 2023
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Preclinical/physiology
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Aged mitochondria — Improved ADP sensitivity through mitochondrial mechanisms.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
SS-31 and aged muscle mitochondrial function
SS-31· 2019
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Preclinical/physiology
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Aging muscle — Improved mitochondrial quality and exercise tolerance in model.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
SS-31 mitochondrial interaction landscape
SS-31· 2020
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Mechanistic study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Mitochondrial proteins/cardiolipin — Maps mitochondrial interactions and clinical trial context.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Discovery of the Once-Weekly GLP-1 Analogue Semaglutide
Semaglutide· 2015
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- In vitro receptor assays and animal pharmacology models
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
Semaglutide· 2021
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with overweight/obesity
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
RYBELSUS (semaglutide) FDA Prescribing Information
Semaglutide· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory labeling document
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5
Semaglutide· 2020
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review of STEP 1-5 trial program
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)
Semaglutide· 2016
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with type 2 diabetes, high cardiovascular risk
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity
Semaglutide· 2023
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review article
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide
Semaglutide· 2024
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Mechanistic review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia
Semax / Selank· 2008
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Clinical/mechanistic
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- GAD context — Discusses anxiolytic effects and mechanisms.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
FDA Evaluation of Semax-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Semax / Selank· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Significant Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Substances
Semax / Selank· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA advisers recommend relaxing U.S. rules on compounding peptides
Semax / Selank· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Functional connectomics of Selank/Semax
Semax / Selank· 2020
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Human neuroimaging study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Resting-state functional connectivity — Assessed effects of Selank and Semax on brain functional connectivity.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission
Semax / Selank· 2016
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Animal/model study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Neurotransmission gene expression — Selank altered expression of neurotransmission-related genes.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Selank and phenazepam combination study
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Selank compared with phenazepam
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Selank in generalized anxiety disorder and neurasthenia
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Semax review
Semax / Selank· 2025
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Neuroprotective/nootropic research — Summarizes Semax pharmacology and possible neuroprotective applications.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome
Semax / Selank· 2006
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Dopamine/BDNF/nootropic effects — Discusses Semax effects on memory, attention, dopamine, and BDNF.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis
Semax / Selank· 2014
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Animal/model study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Brain ischemia/neuroprotection pathways — Shows Semax effects on genes related to vascular and immune response pathways.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
2026 World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List
Sermorelin· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Anti-doping regulatory standard
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Anti-doping status is not a clinical safety or efficacy determination.
Determination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection Was Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness
Sermorelin· 2013
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA regulatory determination
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- This determination does not mean the products remain approved and marketed, and it does not establish safety for modern compounded adult-wellness use.
Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women
Sermorelin· 1997
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 19 adults (10 women, 9 men), ages 55-71, placebo-controlled
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA clinical review discussion of historical Geref diagnostic and pediatric use
Sermorelin· 2010
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA review of historical regulatory and safety information
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Historical safety findings were indication-, population-, dose-, and route-specific and cannot be extrapolated to contemporary compounded adult use.
Geref (sermorelin) FDA Approval and Withdrawal History
Sermorelin· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory approval/withdrawal history
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group
Sermorelin· 1996
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Children with growth-hormone deficiency
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Use the original publication and historical FDA labeling for detailed adverse-event interpretation.
Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency?
Sermorelin· 2006
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Editorial/perspective piece on adult-onset GH insufficiency management
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
Sermorelin· 1999
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review of pediatric GHD diagnostic and therapeutic use
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
The effect of intravenous, subcutaneous, and intranasal GH-RH analog, [Nle27]GHRH(1-29)-NH2, on growth hormone secretion in normal men: dose-response relationships
Sermorelin· 1986
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Normal adult men
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- The abstract reported no adverse effect in this small acute study; this does not establish long-term safety.
A Multi-center, Randomized, Positive-control, Phase 2&3 Combined Study of Y-shape Pegylated Somatropin in Prepubertal Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency
Somatropin· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- 434 prepubertal children with GHD
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Effects of low dose versus high dose human growth hormone on body composition and lipids in adults with GH deficiency: a meta-analysis
Somatropin· 2015
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Meta-analysis, 22 trials, 591 GH-treated + 562 placebo adults with GHD
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Exercise capacity and hormonal response in adults with childhood onset growth hormone deficiency during long-term somatropin treatment
Somatropin· 1998
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 20 adults with childhood-onset GHD
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety review of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (somatropin) and possible increased risk of death
Somatropin· 2010
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- French cohort (SAGhE study) treated with GH during childhood
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Long-term Safety of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency: Overview of 15,809 GH-Treated Patients
Somatropin· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 15,809 GH-treated adults with GHD (KIMS/Pfizer international registry)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
OMNITROPE (somatropin) FDA-Approved Prescribing Label
Somatropin· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory labeling document
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Relative Bioavailability of a Single 4-mg Dose of Somatropin Administered Subcutaneously by Needle-Free Injection
Somatropin· 2018
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 57 healthy adults (pharmacokinetic/bioequivalence study)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Somatropin treatment of spinal muscular atrophy: a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover pilot study
Somatropin· 2014
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 19 patients with spinal muscular atrophy
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis
Survodutide· 2024
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 293 adults with non-cirrhotic MASH (39% with type 2 diabetes)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
A review of survodutide: a new dual acting agonist
Survodutide· 2026
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review article
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of survodutide, a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, in cirrhosis
Survodutide· 2024
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 82 participants: healthy + Child-Pugh A/B/C cirrhosis
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Survodutide for treatment of obesity: rationale and design of two randomized phase 3 clinical trials (SYNCHRONIZE-1 and -2)
Survodutide· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- SYNCHRONIZE-1 (n=726, no T2D); SYNCHRONIZE-2 (n=755, with T2D)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Survodutide improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: A post hoc analysis
Survodutide· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Post-hoc analysis of obesity trial participants
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
The dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide: Biomarkers and pharmacological profiling for clinical candidate selection
Survodutide· 2024
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- CHO-K1 cells (in vitro); diet-induced-obese mice; db/db mice
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Advisory Panel Vote on Unapproved Peptides
TB-500· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Evaluation of TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances
TB-500· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
RGN-259 Dry Eye Trial
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Recombinant Thymosin Beta-4 in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients
TB-500· 2012
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Wound repair mechanisms — Discusses migration, stem-cell mobilization, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Thymosin Beta-4 and Venous Ulcers
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Thymosin Beta-4 in Pressure Ulcers
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Thymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent
TB-500· 2009
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Corneal injury/inflammation — Summarizes corneal wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Thymosin beta-4 regenerative peptide review
TB-500· 2011
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Basic science and clinical applications — Reviews repair/regeneration roles in injured tissues.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing
TB-500· 1999
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- Rat wound model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Topical/intraperitoneal Tβ4 — Increased re-epithelialization and wound contraction in rat model.
- Safety Notes
- Preclinical only; animal/cell findings do not establish human safety or efficacy.
Effects of Tesamorelin on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial
Tesamorelin· 2019
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- People with HIV and NAFLD
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Randomized trial — Reduced liver fat and suggested potential benefit for NAFLD in PLWH.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension
Tesamorelin· 2010
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 404 antiretroviral-treated adults with HIV and excess abdominal fat
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Daily subcutaneous tesamorelin vs placebo, randomized 2:1, for 6 months with a 6-month safety extension — visceral adipose tissue decreased 10.9% (-21 cm2) vs 0.6% (-1 cm2) with placebo; effect sustained at 12 months.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
FDA label for Egrifta
Tesamorelin· 2019
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Regulatory label
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Approved indication — Defines labeled indication, warnings, adverse reactions, and dosing context.
- Safety Notes
- Official/regulatory context; verify latest label, registry status, and warnings before launch.
Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV
Tesamorelin· 2007
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with HIV and visceral fat accumulation
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Daily tesamorelin for 26 weeks — Reduced visceral fat and improved lipid parameters in trial population.
- Safety Notes
- Human data; interpret within the studied population, dose, duration, and endpoints. Review full paper for adverse events and exclusions.
Modern INSTI-era tesamorelin analysis
Tesamorelin· 2024
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- People with HIV
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Clinical trial/review context — Supports visceral fat effects in modern antiretroviral era; notes tesamorelin is approved for this HIV indication.
- Safety Notes
- Secondary source; useful for context but not a substitute for primary study review.
FDA Approvals of Mounjaro and Zepbound (tirzepatide)
Tirzepatide· Current
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A — regulatory approval history
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
No source link available
Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025)
Tirzepatide· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 65,974 FDA FAERS adverse-event reports
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)
Tirzepatide· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with obesity/overweight, no diabetes (n=2539)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention
Tirzepatide· 2024
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Subset of SURMOUNT-1 participants with obesity + prediabetes
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist
Tirzepatide· 2020
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Data
- Population / Model
- HEK293/CHO-K1 cell lines; mouse pancreatic islets (wild-type and beta-arrestin1-deficient)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2)
Tirzepatide· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Adults with obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Weight loss efficiency and safety of tirzepatide: A Systematic review
Tirzepatide· 2023
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Systematic review and meta-analysis
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Cardiovascular effects of VIP in healthy subjects
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Orphan Drug Designation Record for Aviptadil
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Orphan Drug Designation: aviptadil for pulmonary arterial hypertension
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2005
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA orphan-drug designation record
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Orphan designation is not approval and does not establish efficacy or safety.
FDA Orphan Drug Designation: aviptadil for sarcoidosis
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2020
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- FDA orphan-drug designation record
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Orphan designation is not approval and does not establish efficacy, safety, product quality, or legal availability of unapproved formulations.
Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2008
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Patients with pulmonary hypertension in an acute inhalation study
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Acute hemodynamic changes do not establish durable clinical outcomes or safety of other routes.
Inhaled Aviptadil Is a New Hope for Recovery of Lung Damage due to COVID-19
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2025
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- 80 hospitalized adults with COVID-19 pneumonia and lung damage (mean age 55.8 ± 18.5 years; 33.8% female), 9 clinical centers
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Findings are specific to the inhaled route and this hospitalized COVID-19-pneumonia population; treatment was reported well-tolerated with no dropouts due to adverse effects in this small trial (n=80). This does not establish safety or efficacy for intravenous, subcutaneous, compounded, or other aviptadil formulations, nor for other indications (including pulmonary arterial hypertension or sarcoidosis, the orphan-designated indications) -- and stands in contrast to the negative result of the large TESICO intravenous-aviptadil trial, conducted in a more severely ill critical-hypoxaemic-respiratory-failure population with a larger, more serious safety-outcome dataset. Cross-trial comparison is limited by differing populations, severity, and routes.
Inhaled VIP in pulmonary sarcoidosis
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Hospitalized adults with COVID-19-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure at 28 U.S. sites
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Negative/neutral confirmatory evidence must remain prominent; route-specific safety monitoring was required.
NCT04311697: Intravenous Aviptadil for Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory Failure
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2020
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Registered clinical trial in critical COVID-19 respiratory failure
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- A registry entry is not a completed-results publication and does not establish benefit.
Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2019
Review Articles / Secondary Sources
- Population / Model
- Narrative review
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Review article; not a primary efficacy trial.
The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2022
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Randomized trial in critical COVID-19 respiratory failure
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Route-specific adverse events and critical-illness context limit generalization.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2003
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Small clinical investigation in primary pulmonary hypertension
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Small, early study; does not establish approval or generalizable long-term efficacy.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide compound record
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Chemical identity database record
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
- Identity does not establish approval of a formulation or indication.
25-Year Pulsatile GnRH Cohort
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
BPC-157/TB-500 10mg Blend — Vendor Product Listing
·
Anecdotal Reports
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Cagrilintide/Semaglutide Blend 5mg/5mg — Vendor Product Listing
·
Anecdotal Reports
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Current Veterinary Factrel Label
· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
DSIP and insomnia report
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
EGRIFTA SV- tesamorelin kit
· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
EGRIFTA WR- tesamorelin kit
· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Epitalon and melatonin/circadian report
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Briefing Document — Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (Ipamorelin Bulk Substances)
· 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Evaluation of Emideltide-Related Bulk Drug Substances
· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA Proposal to Exclude Liraglutide from 503B Bulks List
· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss
· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Innovent Announces NMPA Approval of Mazdutide for Type 2 Diabetes Glycemic Control
· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- N/A -- regulatory approval announcement, based on Phase 3 trials DREAMS-1 (NCT05628311) and DREAMS-2 (NCT05606913)
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
LEADER Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
MitoCore Editorial Note — Same-Vial Convenience Framing Methodology
· 2026
MitoCore Editorial Search Audits
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
MitoCore internal editorial record — no external link
Pulsatile GnRH Ovulation and Pregnancy
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Pulsatile GnRH for Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Retatrutide + Cagrilintide Blend — Vendor Product Listing
·
Anecdotal Reports
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptor Agonist, for People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Phase 2 Trial
· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
SCALE Insulin Trial
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes Trial
·
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Saxenda Approval Letter June 2026
· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Saxenda Prescribing Information
· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Semax/Selank Blend 10mg/10mg — Vendor Product Listing
·
Anecdotal Reports
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity
· 2026
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Tesamorelin 12mg + Ipamorelin 6mg — Vendor Product Listing
·
Anecdotal Reports
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
· 2023
Human Studies & Clinical Data
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
Victoza Prescribing Information
· 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
WEGOVY- semaglutide injection, solution WEGOVY- semaglutide tablet
· 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registries
- Population / Model
- Dose / Duration / Finding
- Safety Notes
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