Abaloparatide
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Abaloparatide is an FDA-approved osteoporosis drug engineered to resemble part of a natural hormone, PTHrP. As an approved drug, its evidence is strong and direct — but it should not be read as evidence about native PTHrP itself.
View research profile →ACE-031
Evidence: B-/C+Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
ACE-031 (ramatercept) is a soluble activin receptor type IIB–Fc fusion protein studied as a broad ligand trap intended to increase skeletal muscle mass. Small human studies documented pharmacodynamic effects, but the Duchenne muscular dystrophy program ended early after vascular-type adverse findings.
View research profile →Adamax
Evidence: E/DVery Limited / Anecdotal Evidence
No human research yet
Adamax is a name used by research-peptide vendors for a modified Semax analogue, commonly described (in commercial/vendor material only) as approximately Ac-MEHFPGP-[adamantylated glycine]-NH2. No peer-reviewed pharmacology or therapeutic-efficacy study of exact Adamax was located, and its exact sequence/molecular formula has not been confirmed from an authoritative analytical or regulatory source -- these fields are left unconfirmed here rather than filled in from vendor material. Native Semax's separately documented evidence base does not transfer to Adamax, since chemical modifications change a peptide's pharmacology; the peer-reviewed P021 literature (a different CNTF-derived, adamantane-modified peptide) is likewise not evidence for Adamax and is noted here only because both molecules are described as carrying an adamantane-related modification -- this is structural/historical context, not shared efficacy evidence. Claimed advantages over Semax -- improved blood-brain-barrier penetration, longer half-life, greater BDNF induction, or better cognition, endurance, or recovery outcomes -- have no independent verified support.
View research profile →Adiponectin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, discovered in 1995, whose circulating levels are consistently lower -- not higher -- in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. All human evidence is observational; no study has raised adiponectin in humans to test whether it changes outcomes.
View research profile →Adipotide
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Adipotide is a vascular-targeting proapoptotic peptidomimetic designed to bind prohibitin on white-adipose-tissue vasculature and deliver a mitochondria-disrupting sequence. Weight-loss findings come mainly from mouse and nonhuman-primate studies; a first-in-human trial was registered but terminated without verified published outcome results.
View research profile →Adrenomedullin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Adrenomedullin is an endogenous vasoactive peptide with a substantial direct-human infusion literature. Controlled studies demonstrate clear acute hemodynamic and neurohormonal activity, but the evidence base is much stronger for human pharmacology than for durable clinical efficacy.
View research profile →Afamelanotide
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
No human research yet
Afamelanotide is a synthetic melanocortin-1 receptor agonist with an FDA-approved controlled-release implant for adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Randomized trials support increased pain-free light exposure in that narrow indication. The approved implant, clinical monitoring, and manufacturing controls should not be equated with unregulated products marketed for cosmetic tanning.
View research profile →Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that blocks melanocortin-4 receptor signaling, the same receptor pathway alpha-MSH activates. Circulating AgRP is observed to be higher in people with obesity, though it has never been administered to humans in a research study.
View research profile →AHK-Cu
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
AHK-Cu is a copper complex of the tripeptide alanine-histidine-lysine. Direct evidence located for the compound is limited primarily to ex vivo human hair follicles and cultured dermal papilla cells; administered-human efficacy and systemic safety trials were not verified.
View research profile →Alpha-CGRP
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Alpha-CGRP is the CALCA-derived CGRP isoform and a powerful human vasoactive neuropeptide. Direct infusion studies provide strong evidence for acute vascular and migraine-provocation pharmacology, but pathway-antagonist success does not make Alpha-CGRP itself a therapeutic agent, and the limited Raynaud evidence is too small to establish treatment efficacy.
View research profile →Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Native alpha-MSH is a melanocortin hormone in the POMC pathway that activates MC4R, the same receptor targeted by several distinct synthetic analogue drugs (Afamelanotide, Bremelanotide, and Setmelanotide, each separately FDA-approved for its own indication; Melanotan II, not FDA-approved). Direct human evidence for native alpha-MSH itself is limited to blood measurement studies.
View research profile →Amycretin
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Amycretin (confirmed alias: Zenagamtide) is a single-molecule (unimolecular) peptide that acts as an agonist at the GLP-1 receptor, the amylin receptor, and the calcitonin receptor. It has shown substantial body-weight reduction in a subcutaneous Phase 1b/2a obesity trial and significant HbA1c improvement in companion subcutaneous and oral Phase 2 trials in type 2 diabetes. It is investigational, with Phase 3 obesity trials underway. Amycretin is a single molecule and is not the same as CagriSema or any cagrilintide+semaglutide co-administration regimen.
View research profile →Angiotensin I
Evidence: D+Mostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Angiotensin I is the inactive precursor peptide that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts into the active hormone Angiotensin II. Its strongest direct human evidence comes from a small number of controlled infusion studies showing that its physiological effects depend entirely on this conversion — no independent receptor-mediated action of Angiotensin I itself has been demonstrated in the human evidence reviewed, and it has no approved therapeutic product of its own.
View research profile →Angiotensin II
Evidence: C+Limited Human Evidence
Human research available
Angiotensin II is the primary active hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and, as the exact-sequence synthetic product Giapreza, an FDA-approved vasopressor for septic/distributive shock refractory to standard therapy. Native Angiotensin II's own direct human evidence comes from small, controlled infusion physiology studies; Giapreza's evidence comes from one large, positive pivotal RCT (ATHOS-3) for blood-pressure response — but that trial did not establish a mortality benefit and its own label documents a real excess of blood-clot-related events, both limitations central to this molecule's evidence picture.
View research profile →Angiotensin-(1-7)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Angiotensin-(1-7) is a distinct seven-residue peptide in the renin-angiotensin system. It has direct human vascular and randomized clinical-trial evidence, but the human pharmacology is not uniformly concordant and a large TXA-127 COVID trial stopped early for low probability of efficacy, supporting a cautious Grade C interpretation rather than pathway-based therapeutic claims.
View research profile →AOD-9604
Evidence: B-/C+Meaningful Human Evidence
No human research yet
AOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-amino-acid analogue of the human-growth-hormone 177-191 region with an added N-terminal tyrosine. Rodent studies reported lipolytic and weight-related effects, but the sponsor’s human obesity program failed its primary endpoint and was discontinued. FDA has also identified substantial characterization, route-specific safety, impurity, and immunogenicity uncertainties.
View research profile →Apelin-13
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Apelin-13 is a short endogenous apelin-system peptide studied for cardiovascular and metabolic signaling. The strongest controlled human intervention studies located for the 13-residue form used [Pyr1]Apelin-13, a pyroglutamated molecular form, so those findings must remain form-specific rather than being generalized to every unmodified Apelin-13 preparation.
View research profile →ARA-290 / Cibinetide
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
ARA-290, later developed as cibinetide, is an erythropoietin-derived peptide engineered to activate tissue-protective signaling without stimulating red-blood-cell production. Several small phase 2 studies evaluated neuropathic symptoms, corneal nerve measures, metabolic endpoints, and diabetic macular edema.
View research profile →Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) is the body's principal antidiuretic/osmoregulatory hormone and, as the synthetic exact-sequence product Vasostrict, an FDA-approved vasopressor for refractory vasodilatory shock. Direct human evidence includes a large randomized trial (VASST) and controlled physiology studies, but VASST's own primary mortality endpoint was negative — AVP raises blood pressure in this setting without proven survival benefit over standard care.
View research profile →Asprosin
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Asprosin is a hormone identified in 2016, released from a cleaved fragment of the FBN1 gene's protein product and involved in glucose regulation. Human research on asprosin remains at an early, observational stage.
View research profile →Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is a mature cardiac natriuretic peptide with direct human vascular and hemodynamic evidence. Recombinant human ANP has also been studied in randomized clinical settings, but product-specific treatment evidence should remain distinct from the broader physiology of endogenous ANP.
View research profile →B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a mature cardiac hormone with direct human renal and cardiovascular physiology evidence. Nesiritide is a sequence-identical recombinant BNP drug product with a much larger clinical and regulatory evidence programme, including FDA labeling and the 7,141-patient ASCEND-HF trial; that product evidence is intentionally graded and described separately from native BNP.
View research profile →BPC-157
Evidence: D/EMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
BPC-157 is an experimental 15-amino-acid peptide promoted for repair and gastrointestinal uses. Published human evidence consists of two tiny uncontrolled pilots and one retrospective private-clinic report; most mechanistic support remains preclinical. FDA has identified significant product-characterization, impurity, aggregation, immunogenicity, and long-term safety uncertainties.
View research profile →Bradykinin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Bradykinin is a potent endogenous kinin peptide with extensive direct-human vascular physiology evidence. Human intra-arterial studies consistently show strong vasodilator and endothelial signaling effects, but this does not translate into established therapeutic efficacy and receptor-antagonist drug data must remain context rather than Bradykinin evidence.
View research profile →Bremelanotide (PT-141)
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Bremelanotide is the canonical identity of PT-141 and is an FDA-approved cyclic melanocortin agonist for a narrow HSDD indication. Earlier PT-141 studies and off-label discussions must remain separated from the approved use.
View research profile →Bronchogen
Evidence: D+/C-Mostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Bronchogen is an ultrashort synthetic peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator program, canonically sequenced as Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu (AEDL). It has been studied in DNA-interaction, gene-expression, and pulmonary preclinical models; no robust modern human efficacy program has been identified.
View research profile →C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) is a vascular/paracrine natriuretic peptide with direct human infusion evidence showing dose- and protocol-dependent vascular and renal effects. Vosoritide is a clinically proven and FDA-regulated CNP analogue, but its modified sequence and product programme remain contextual evidence rather than proof of native-CNP therapeutic efficacy.
View research profile →Cagrilintide
Evidence: A-/B+Established Human Evidence
Human research available
Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog studied for weight management, both alone and combined with semaglutide (as CagriSema). It mimics the satiety hormone amylin to reduce food intake, and has shown meaningful weight loss in completed Phase 2 and Phase 3 human trials.
View research profile →Calcitonin
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
No human research yet
Native human calcitonin is a thyroid-gland hormone, better known clinically today as a cancer biomarker (medullary thyroid carcinoma) than as a treatment. Marketed calcitonin drug products use a sequence-distinct salmon form of the hormone, not native human calcitonin.
View research profile →Cardiogen
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Cardiogen is a synthetic tetrapeptide commonly identified as Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg (AEDR). The direct literature located is preclinical, including rat myocardial tissue culture, biochemical assays, and a rat tumor model; no controlled human administration study was verified.
View research profile →CART Peptide
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
CART (Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript) is a neuropeptide from the CARTPT gene, studied mainly in rodent hypothalamic feeding-inhibition circuitry. Direct human evidence is limited to one large family's rare genetic variant.
View research profile →Cerebrolysin
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Cerebrolysin is a proprietary porcine-brain-derived mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids studied in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia. Human trials exist, but results are mixed and indication-specific.
View research profile →Cholecystokinin
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a digestive gut hormone that circulates in several native forms -- CCK-8, CCK-33, and CCK-58. Controlled human studies of CCK-33 and CCK-8 generally, though not universally, show reduced hunger and food intake; one study found the effect entangled with nausea. Sincalide (Kinevac), a manufactured version of the CCK-8 fragment with an identical amino-acid sequence, is an FDA-approved diagnostic drug -- a distinct, product-specific regulatory story from native CCK's own physiology.
View research profile →Chonluten
Evidence: D+Mostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Chonluten is commonly described as the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Gly (EDG). It has been studied for inflammatory/proliferative signaling in immune-cell models and appears in respiratory-bioregulator literature, but clinical benefit claims remain weakly supported.
View research profile →CJC-1295 with DAC
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
CJC-1295 with DAC is a long-acting GHRH analog engineered to form a covalent conjugate with circulating albumin. Small early human studies demonstrated prolonged increases in GH and IGF-1 and preserved GH pulsatility, but no approved indication or established clinical-benefit program followed. Current evidence is largely pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, preclinical, and regulatory rather than outcome-based.
View research profile →Copeptin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Copeptin is a stable, co-secreted fragment of the same precursor that produces Arginine Vasopressin (AVP), used clinically as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker rather than as a treatment. Its strongest evidence is in ruling out diabetes insipidus after pituitary surgery and in myocardial-infarction rule-out protocols; a major limitation is that adding it to high-sensitivity troponin did not clearly improve rule-out safety over troponin alone in at least one direct comparison.
View research profile →Copper-Free GHK
Evidence: C-/D+Limited Human Evidence
No human research yet
Copper-free GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is the tripeptide form of GHK without a complexed copper ion, chemically distinct from GHK-Cu (the copper(II)-complexed form more commonly sold and studied for skin/wound-healing research). Direct copper-free GHK research includes a 2012 stem-cell-recovery skin study (PMID 23019153), gene-expression work relevant to nervous-system function and cognitive decline (PMID 28212278), a 2015 review of GHK's role in skin-regeneration cellular pathways (PMID 26236730), and a 2025 review of topical anti-wrinkle use (PMID 39963574). This is topical and cell-culture evidence; it does not establish injectable or systemic benefit. The larger GHK-Cu wound-healing/collagen literature does not automatically transfer to copper-free GHK, and copper-delivery-related claims do not apply to copper-free material without demonstrated copper-complexing in the specific product used.
View research profile →Cortagen
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide identified as Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro (AEDP), developed from research on the distinct brain-cortex extract Cortexin. Its direct evidence is preclinical, including rodent nerve-injury, ischemia, and gene-expression studies.
View research profile →Crystagen
Evidence: B/EMeaningful Human Evidence
No human research yet
Crystagen is a short peptide bioregulator generally identified in peer-reviewed literature as the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Pro (EDP). It has been studied mainly in cell, tissue, and animal immune models.
View research profile →Dermorphin
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Dermorphin is a potent opioid-receptor-active peptide first isolated from frog skin. Limited older human experiments exist, but modern safety, product-quality, and therapeutic evidence are inadequate.
View research profile →Desmopressin
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
No human research yet
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic, V2-selective analogue of Arginine Vasopressin with decades of FDA-approved use across several distinct formulations — central diabetes insipidus, primary nocturnal enuresis (tablets only), and hemostatic support in mild bleeding disorders (Stimate/select injectables). Its major limitation is a well-established, formulation-specific hyponatremia/seizure risk that led the FDA to remove the enuresis indication from the intranasal formulation specifically, while leaving it in place for tablets.
View research profile →Dihexa
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Dihexa is a metabolically stabilized angiotensin-IV-derived peptidomimetic studied for HGF/c-Met potentiation and synaptogenic effects. Evidence remains preclinical.
View research profile →Dulaglutide
Evidence: A/EEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Dulaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist fusion protein, FDA-approved as the branded finished product Trulicity for type 2 diabetes glycemic control and cardiovascular risk reduction. FDA approval applies strictly to the Trulicity finished product -- it does not extend to unapproved vendor, research, or lyophilized dulaglutide material, which is a distinct regulatory and quality category. Dulaglutide/Trulicity does not carry an FDA-approved obesity indication, and semaglutide/tirzepatide outcomes must not be assumed to transfer to it.
View research profile →Ecnoglutide
Evidence: B+Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide that received China NMPA approval for type 2 diabetes in January 2026 and for chronic weight management in March 2026, based on Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials showing significant HbA1c reduction and up to 13.2% body-weight loss. An oral tablet formulation (XW004, licensed outside Greater China/South Korea as VRB-101) remains investigational, with Phase 1 safety data published and a Phase 2b trial completed but not yet reported. Ecnoglutide is not approved in the United States or European Union.
View research profile →Eloralintide
Evidence: B+Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Eloralintide (LY3841136) is a long-acting, selective amylin-receptor agonist peptide developed by Eli Lilly. In a 48-week Phase 2 trial, it produced mean body-weight reductions of approximately 9% to 20% versus 0.4% with placebo in adults with obesity or overweight. Its receptor selectivity (12-fold over the calcitonin receptor) distinguishes it from dual amylin/calcitonin agonists and from Amycretin, a broader triple-receptor agonist. Eloralintide is investigational, with a Phase 3 monotherapy program underway; it is also being studied in combination with tirzepatide in separate, still-unpublished trials.
View research profile →Felypressin
Evidence: C+Limited Human Evidence
Human research available
Felypressin (marketed as Octapressin in Citanest-combination dental cartridges) is a synthetic, non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor currently documented as a marketed dental local-anesthetic adjuvant in New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Its strongest evidence is controlled comparative human trials showing it raises blood pressure without raising heart rate — a genuinely mixed tradeoff against epinephrine, not a clean safety advantage. Its dominant limitations are a comparatively small clinical-trial evidence base (no large cardiovascular-outcomes RCT) and jurisdiction-specific product availability (no established US market); pregnancy-related product guidance is a secondary, jurisdiction-specific consideration — current Australian and New Zealand product information does not describe felypressin as contraindicated in pregnancy, while the current UK label advises against use in early pregnancy unless benefit outweighs risk, and a 2025 secondary review raises a mechanistic oxytocic concern that has not been established as a universal product-label finding.
View research profile →FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23)
Evidence: B/DMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
FGF23 is a bone-derived hormone that tells the kidneys to get rid of excess phosphate. FGF23 excess is generally the problem in phosphate-wasting diseases like XLH — the approved treatment (burosumab) works by blocking FGF23, not adding more of it.
View research profile →Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
FGF21 is a liver-made hormone involved in fasting physiology and metabolic signaling. Large human genetic studies link the FGF21 pathway to sugar and alcohol intake, while direct behavioral effects of giving FGF21 have only been shown in mice and monkeys.
View research profile →Follistatin-344
Evidence: A/EEstablished Human Evidence
No human research yet
Follistatin-344 (FS344) is an alternatively spliced follistatin precursor isoform. Its clinical evidence comes from AAV-mediated gene therapy (AAV1.CMV.FS344) in small trials for Becker muscular dystrophy and sporadic inclusion body myositis -- an approach that drives sustained endogenous follistatin expression, not an injected recombinant protein. A commercial vendor vial labeled "Follistatin-344" is not automatically equivalent to this gene-therapy construct, to the processed FS315 circulating isoform, to FS288, to generic follistatin, to myostatin, or to ACE-031.
View research profile →FOXO4-DRI
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
No human research yet
FOXO4-DRI is an experimental D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells. Cell and mouse studies show senolytic activity in selected models, but no human therapeutic or safety evidence has been established.
View research profile →Galanin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Galanin is a mature human neuropeptide produced from the GAL precursor, distinct from the co-produced peptide GMAP as well as from Galanin-Like Peptide (GALP) and Alarin, both encoded by separate genes. At least two controlled human studies have administered synthetic human Galanin directly, producing measurable acute endocrine effects - most notably a marked growth-hormone response. Older studies that administered porcine Galanin, which differs in sequence from the human peptide, are retained only as comparator evidence. Human Galanin's direct-administration evidence remains limited to small, acute physiology studies and does not establish therapeutic efficacy.
View research profile →Gastrin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that circulates mainly as two native forms, Gastrin-17 and Gastrin-34, with a documented difference in potency and clearance. Pentagastrin, a synthetic fragment built around gastrin's active core with an added non-natural component, was historically used as a diagnostic agent (Peptavlon) but this review did not establish that any pentagastrin product is currently marketed in the United States.
View research profile →GHK-Cu
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide GHK. Research includes cell, animal, formulation, biomaterial, and limited topical human studies. The available topical human evidence does not establish broad anti-aging, hair-growth, or wound-treatment efficacy, and it cannot support systemic injectable claims. FDA separately identifies aggregation, peptide-impurity, immunogenicity, and limited-human-data concerns for compounded injectable GHK-Cu.
View research profile →Ghrelin
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Ghrelin is the body's primary hunger-signaling hormone, produced mainly in the stomach. Human research distinguishes two circulating forms -- acylated ghrelin, which activates its main receptor and has been shown in controlled infusion studies to increase appetite and food intake, and des-acyl ghrelin, the more abundant form, which has its own separate and more limited human evidence base focused on glucose and fat metabolism rather than appetite. Ghrelin-receptor-agonist drugs (e.g. Ibutamoren, Anamorelin, the GHRP family) are chemically distinct from ghrelin itself and are treated separately.
View research profile →GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
GHRP-2, also called pralmorelin, is a synthetic ghrelin-receptor agonist that stimulates GH release and can also affect appetite, prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol. Japan uses pralmorelin as a diagnostic stimulus for GH deficiency, while U.S. FDA materials identify safety and product-quality concerns for compounded injectable and nasal GHRP-2. Human evidence supports endocrine and diagnostic effects, not broad wellness outcomes.
View research profile →GHRP-6
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
GHRP-6 is a synthetic ghrelin-receptor agonist and early growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide. Human studies demonstrate acute GH stimulation, oral activity in selected settings, diagnostic research, and pharmacokinetics, while much of the tissue-protection and recovery literature is preclinical. No approved therapeutic indication or adequate long-term safety program exists.
View research profile →GLP-2
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-2) is an intestinotrophic gut hormone, co-released with GLP-1 but acting through its own distinct receptor to support intestinal growth, nutrient absorption, and mucosal repair. Controlled clinical research in short-bowel-syndrome patients shows subcutaneous native GLP-2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status, with benefits sustained over 2 years, though this evidence is concentrated in one research program. Native GLP-2's very short half-life led to the development of Teduglutide (Gattex), a sequence-modified, FDA-approved analogue with its own separate, larger clinical evidence base and its own product-specific safety-monitoring requirements.
View research profile →Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is the body's original incretin hormone, released after eating to help regulate insulin and glucagon. It is distinct from Tirzepatide and Retatrutide, engineered drugs that also activate the GIP receptor.
View research profile →Gonadorelin Acetate
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Gonadorelin acetate is a synthetic GnRH salt studied and historically used in pulsatile reproductive-endocrine therapy and diagnostic stimulation testing.
View research profile →HCG
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
No human research yet
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that acts similarly to luteinizing hormone at the LH/hCG receptor. FDA-approved products exist for specific fertility and endocrine uses, while fitness or testosterone-support uses are outside the scope of MitoCore’s medical guidance. On this page, hCG is presented as an established hormone medication for certain indications, with clear warnings about supervision, fertility, estrogenic effects, and misuse.
View research profile →Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Hexarelin, also called examorelin, is a synthetic growth-hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor agonist. Small human studies documented strong acute GH release, accompanying prolactin/ACTH/cortisol responses, and short-lived cardiovascular effects. Longer-term cardioprotection and anti-fibrotic findings are primarily preclinical, so they should not be presented as established human benefits.
View research profile →HGH Fragment 176-191
Evidence: C-/D+Limited Human Evidence
No human research yet
HGH Fragment 176-191 is the unmodified C-terminal 16-amino-acid segment of human growth hormone. It is frequently confused with AOD-9604, but the two are different molecular entities.
View research profile →HMG / Menotropins
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
HMG usually refers to menotropins, a purified urinary-derived gonadotropin preparation containing FSH and LH activity. It has established fertility-medicine use, while broader or male-use claims require separate evidence and regulatory context.
View research profile →IGF-1 DES
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
No human research yet
IGF-1 DES (Des(1-3)-IGF-I) is native IGF-I with its first three N-terminal amino acids removed, which reduces binding to several IGF-binding proteins and increases bioactive potency in cell and animal studies. It is a distinct molecule from Long R3 IGF-I, native IGF-I/mecasermin, MGF, and PEG-MGF, and no verified controlled human administration trial was identified.
View research profile →Ipamorelin
Evidence: C/DLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Ipamorelin is a ghrelin-receptor agonist and growth-hormone secretagogue. Human research confirms that it can trigger an acute GH pulse, but the principal phase 2 clinical trial for postoperative ileus did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint. Evidence does not establish common claims involving sleep, recovery, body composition, or anti-aging, and FDA has highlighted serious safety and product-characterization concerns for compounded injectable use.
View research profile →Kisspeptin-10
Evidence: B-/C+Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Kisspeptin-10 is a short active kisspeptin fragment studied as a probe and potential modulator of the human reproductive axis. Direct human administration studies are small and indication-specific.
View research profile →KPV
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
KPV is the Lys-Pro-Val tripeptide at the C-terminus of alpha-MSH. It has been studied in intestinal cell systems and animal models of colitis and corneal injury, where researchers reported anti-inflammatory signaling and tissue-specific effects. FDA states that it has not identified human exposure data for KPV drug products, so KPV should be presented as a preclinical research peptide rather than a demonstrated human anti-inflammatory treatment.
View research profile →Leptin
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Leptin is a hormone made by fat tissue that signals energy sufficiency to the brain. In the rare condition of confirmed congenital leptin deficiency, replacement therapy with recombinant methionyl leptin -- administered in a historical research programme conducted years before Metreleptin's own approval, though molecularly the same general class of material -- has produced dramatic, sustained reversal of severe obesity and related metabolic problems. In common obesity, where leptin deficiency is not present, controlled research using the same class of recombinant leptin shows a much weaker and highly variable response -- consistent with widespread leptin resistance -- and leptin has never been approved as a general obesity treatment. Metreleptin (Myalept) is the FDA-approved recombinant leptin product formalized from this molecular class, approved only for generalized lipodystrophy and carrying its own boxed safety warning.
View research profile →Liraglutide
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Liraglutide is a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist available in FDA-approved product-specific forms. Saxenda is approved for chronic weight management in qualifying adults and adolescents, while Victoza is approved for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-risk reduction in a defined adult diabetes population.
View research profile →LL-37
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
LL-37 is the 37-amino-acid active human cathelicidin host-defense peptide. Human topical wound trials have evaluated LL-37 formulations, while mechanistic research shows antimicrobial, wound-healing, and context-dependent inflammatory activity. These topical data do not establish safety or efficacy for systemic or injectable use.
View research profile →Long R3 IGF-I
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
No human research yet
Long R3 IGF-I is an engineered analogue of insulin-like growth factor I developed largely for experimental and cell-culture applications. The audited evidence is predominantly animal and cell based; no verified controlled human administration trial was identified.
View research profile →Lypressin
Evidence: D+Mostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Lypressin is the synthetic pharmaceutical form of lysine vasopressin, the natural pig vasopressin sequence, historically marketed in the US as Diapid for central diabetes insipidus. Its strongest evidence is a small original-era clinical series showing effective antidiuretic control, and its major limitation is a genuinely sparse, dated human evidence base with no randomized controlled trial — a limitation of evidence volume and age, not a documented safety failure, and distinct from its purely commercial (not safety-driven) US market withdrawal in 2000.
View research profile →Maridebart cafraglutide
Evidence: B+Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Maridebart cafraglutide (MariTide, formerly AMG 133) is a long-acting peptide-antibody conjugate: a GIP-receptor-antagonist antibody linked to two GLP-1-receptor-agonist peptides -- mechanistically opposite at the GIP receptor to tirzepatide and VK2735, which are GIP-receptor agonists. In a 592-participant Phase 2 trial, once-monthly MariTide produced substantial body-weight reduction at week 52 in adults with and without type 2 diabetes, reported under two standard trial estimands that must always be labeled separately. It is investigational, with two Phase 3 trials underway. A published scientific correspondence has raised a theoretical, hypothesis-stage question about chronic GIP-receptor antagonism and adipose-tissue biology -- this is not an observed adverse event.
View research profile →Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Mechano Growth Factor E-peptide (MGF E-peptide, commonly shortened to "MGF") is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the E-domain of IGF-1Ec, the mechanically responsive splice-isoform/propeptide transcript of IGF-1. IGF-1Ec is the parent splice-isoform context this synthetic peptide is derived from -- not an alternate name for the same molecule -- and endogenous IGF-1Ec expression studies (measuring gene expression after exercise or mechanical loading) are evidence about the body's own transcript biology, not about administering the synthetic E-peptide. Direct synthetic-MGF-E-peptide cell/animal studies exist separately and may support exact-compound mechanistic/preclinical claims, but no adequate human therapeutic trial establishes synthetic MGF for muscle gain, recovery, anti-aging, or injury repair. PEG-MGF is a separate PEGylated entity and is not evidence for unmodified MGF E-peptide, or vice versa.
View research profile →Melanotan II
Evidence: B-Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Melanotan II is an investigational cyclic melanocortin agonist with small early human studies and multiple safety case reports. It remains on publication hold.
View research profile →Motilin
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Motilin is a natural gut hormone that helps trigger the stomach and small intestine's cyclical 'housekeeping' contractions between meals. Small controlled human infusion studies confirm it dose-dependently stimulates gastric antral contractions and gallbladder emptying, with effects that are regionally selective (no confirmed effect on small-intestinal or pyloric motility) and mediated in part through 5HT3 receptor signaling. There is no FDA-approved native-Motilin drug; motilin-receptor-agonist drugs such as erythromycin and newer synthetic motilides are chemically distinct and are not the subject of this page.
View research profile →MOTS-C
Evidence: D/EMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
MOTS-C is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within mitochondrial 12S rRNA, studied for metabolic-stress signaling, AMPK-related pathways, insulin sensitivity, exercise-related biology, and mitonuclear communication. It is not a component of an FDA-approved drug. FDA staff recommended against including MOTS-c free base and acetate on the 503A Bulks List over identity, effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity concerns, but the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee's July 2026 vote (7 yes, 5 no, 2 abstentions) favored possible inclusion — an advisory, nonbinding recommendation, not an approval or final listing decision. Most therapeutic evidence remains preclinical; it is presented here as experimental, not as a proven human therapy.
View research profile →N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate
Evidence: EVery Limited / Anecdotal Evidence
No human research yet
N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate (Ac-AEDG-NH2) is a commercially described N-terminally acetylated, C-terminally amidated analogue of AEDG (Epitalon/Epithalon). No direct indexed therapeutic study of the exact modified molecule has been identified; evidence for the parent peptide Epitalon/AEDG does not transfer to this distinct chemical entity.
View research profile →N-Acetyl Selank Amidate
Evidence: E/DVery Limited / Anecdotal Evidence
No human research yet
N-Acetyl Selank Amidate (commonly represented as Ac-Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro-NH2) is a chemically modified Selank analogue, distinct from native Selank. No direct PubMed-indexed therapeutic study of this exact doubly modified compound was located. Native Selank, Selank acetate, and tuftsin studies are not direct evidence for this analogue -- Selank's regulatory/clinical history in its country of origin does not transfer either. Claims of improved stability, half-life, blood-brain-barrier penetration, or preserved pharmacology relative to native Selank remain hypotheses without direct supporting data on the exact compound.
View research profile →N-Acetyl Semax Amidate
Evidence: E/DVery Limited / Anecdotal Evidence
No human research yet
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate (commonly represented as Ac-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-NH2) is a doubly modified Semax analogue -- N-terminally acetylated and C-terminally amidated -- distinct from native Semax. A 2016 study (PMID 27586814) examined N-terminally acetylated Semax ("Ac-Semax") chemistry and showed that N-terminal acetylation changes Semax's chemical/biological behavior; that paper is evidence about acetylated-Semax chemistry only and is not automatically evidence for this additionally C-terminally amidated product, since the exact molecule studied has not been independently confirmed to match the commercial doubly modified compound. Native Semax's human/animal/BDNF/ischemia/dopamine evidence does not transfer to this analogue. No exact-compound human efficacy or safety study was identified. Claims of enhanced half-life or blood-brain-barrier penetration require direct pharmacokinetic evidence on the exact compound, which does not currently exist.
View research profile →NAD+
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential cellular redox coenzyme, not a peptide. It participates in cellular energy metabolism and enzyme signaling -- including sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38-related pathways -- but the clinical effects of directly injecting or infusing NAD+ remain incompletely established. Evidence that precursors such as NR or NMN raise NAD-related biomarkers does not prove that direct NAD+ injection produces the same effects or meaningful health outcomes.
View research profile →Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a mature 36-amino-acid human neuropeptide produced from the pro-NPY precursor, distinct from the co-produced peptide CPON as well as from the related family peptides PYY and pancreatic polypeptide. Controlled human studies have administered NPY intranasally and intravenously, producing measurable vascular, adrenergic, and systemic effects, and small randomized trials have reported short-term symptom signals in PTSD and major depressive disorder. These early clinical signals are preliminary - one trial's primary endpoint was not met - and do not establish NPY as an effective treatment.
View research profile →Neurotensin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Neurotensin is a mature 13-amino-acid human peptide cleaved from the NTS precursor, distinct from Neuromedin N, large Neuromedin N, and Neurotensin fragments such as NT(8-13). Multiple controlled human intravenous infusion studies, dating back to the 1980s, have directly measured Neurotensin's pharmacokinetics and its effects on gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid secretion, and selected gut hormones. This evidence establishes human peripheral physiology and rapid plasma clearance; it does not establish therapeutic efficacy for any cognitive, neuropsychiatric, or other clinical use.
View research profile →Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Nociceptin, also called Orphanin FQ, is a 17-amino-acid mature human peptide produced from the PNOC precursor - the two names refer to the same molecule. It is distinct from Nocistatin and Orphanin FQ2, two other mature peptides from the same precursor, and from synthetic NOP-receptor drugs such as cebranopadol. Small randomized, placebo-controlled human studies have directly administered exact Nociceptin by local muscular and intravesical (bladder) routes. The strongest human signal comes from small exploratory trials in neurogenic detrusor overactivity (a bladder condition), where intravesical Nociceptin improved bladder-capacity measures; this evidence is route- and condition-specific and does not establish broad analgesic, psychiatric, or systemic therapeutic efficacy.
View research profile →Obestatin
Evidence: EVery Limited / Anecdotal Evidence
No human research yet
Obestatin is a peptide co-derived from the same preproghrelin gene as ghrelin. A 2005 study proposed that it opposes ghrelin's appetite-stimulating effects through a receptor called GPR39, but independent research over the following years found this original finding difficult to replicate, directly contradicted the proposed GPR39 mechanism, and even saw a separate positive replication formally retracted. No controlled human administration study of obestatin has been identified in the published literature -- the available evidence is entirely preclinical (rodent) or observational/cell-based in nature.
View research profile →Orexin A
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Orexin A, also called hypocretin-1, is an endogenous wake-regulating neuropeptide. Small pilot studies tested intranasal administration in narcolepsy and in healthy volunteers; a 2022 pilot study found a measurable sympathetic-nervous-system effect. This remains investigational.
View research profile →Orexin B
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Orexin B, also called hypocretin-2, is a native 28-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in orexin-receptor signaling. Evidence for native Orexin B consists primarily of receptor, structural, cellular, and animal research. No verified direct human administration trial establishes native Orexin B efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, or dosing.
View research profile →Ornipressin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Ornipressin (POR-8) is a synthetic, V1-selective vasopressin analogue with real historical human clinical use as both a local surgical vasoconstrictor and a continuous-infusion treatment for hepatorenal syndrome. Its strongest evidence includes a randomized trial showing effective, fast blood-pressure restoration during surgery, and case series showing genuine hepatorenal-syndrome reversal — but its major limitation is a well-documented ischemic-complication risk with continuous infusion that led to its abandonment in that specific indication, superseded by terlipressin.
View research profile →Osteocalcin
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Osteocalcin is a protein made by bone-building cells, used as a marker of bone turnover and, more speculatively, studied for a possible metabolic role. It remains a single scientific subject; carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin are modification states of the same molecule, not separate identities.
View research profile →Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is the body's own natural 'off switch' for RANKL, and by extension for bone resorption. An early-2000s engineered OPG-Fc fusion construct was tested in a small number of patients but never approved — that construct is not native OPG, and current approved therapy in this pathway (denosumab) targets RANKL directly rather than using OPG.
View research profile →Ovagen
Evidence: D/EMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Ovagen is listed in the short-peptide gene-regulation literature as the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Leu (EDL). Despite its name, the indexed literature associates it with renal-cell aging and hepatoprotection research, not ovarian or reproductive biology; direct exact-compound evidence remains sparse.
View research profile →Oxyntomodulin
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Oxyntomodulin is a natural gut hormone made from the same precursor protein as glucagon and GLP-1 (but a distinct peptide from either). Two controlled human trials found it reduces food intake and body weight.
View research profile →Oxytocin (catalog: Oxytocin Acetate)
Evidence: A/DEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Oxytocin is an endogenous peptide hormone and an established obstetric medicine. Strong evidence for uterotonic use should not be generalized to intranasal, behavioral, bonding, bodybuilding, or wellness claims.
View research profile →P021
Evidence: C-/D+Limited Human Evidence
No human research yet
P021 is a CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor)-derived small-molecule peptide mimetic that incorporates an adamantane-related structural modification. Peer-reviewed mouse and cell studies report effects on neurogenesis, synaptic and dendritic structure, tau and amyloid-beta pathology, and cognitive/memory measures in Alzheimer's-disease and CDKL5-deficiency models. These findings do not establish Alzheimer's prevention or treatment in humans, and a 2024 CDKL5-model study found P021 improved cellular measures but failed to raise BDNF or improve neuroanatomical defects in vivo -- illustrating limited translation from favorable cell-level effects to whole-animal outcomes. Commercially sold "P21" or "P21-adamantane" products have not been independently confirmed to be chemically identical to this peer-reviewed entity; this page treats the peer-reviewed P021 literature as describing this specific CNTF-mimetic molecule and does not extend it to any unverified commercial product without further identity confirmation.
View research profile →PACAP-38
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
PACAP-38 is an endogenous human neuropeptide and one of two mature signaling peptides (alongside PACAP-27) produced from the ADCYAP1 precursor. Repeated randomized, placebo-controlled human challenge studies show that intravenous PACAP-38 reliably produces headache, provokes migraine-like attacks in migraine patients, and causes measurable vascular and cardiovascular effects. This body of evidence establishes human pharmacology and disease-relevant mechanism; it does not establish that administering PACAP-38 is a therapeutic treatment.
View research profile →Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4
Evidence: B-/C+Meaningful Human Evidence
No human research yet
Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 -- commercially known under the Matrixyl family of trade names, historically also called palmitoyl pentapeptide-3 in some literature -- has human topical cosmetic research support for photoaged skin and wrinkles, including a 2005 study on photoaged facial skin (PMID 18492182) and a 2023 double-blind randomized trial on crow's-feet wrinkles (PMID 36909866, alongside acetylhexapeptide-3). This evidence is specific to topical application; route and formulation are integral to it, and it cannot support injectable or systemic anti-aging, systemic collagen-increase, muscle-growth, or other systemic regenerative claims. Multi-active cosmetic formulations tested alongside other ingredients cannot have their effects attributed solely to this peptide unless a study specifically isolates it. "Matrixyl" is a commercial/brand family name and is not automatically identical to palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 in every product sold under that name; this page treats palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 as the specific molecule its cited evidence supports.
View research profile →Pancragen
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Pancragen is a short peptide bioregulator described in the indexed literature as the tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp (KEDW). It has been studied mainly in pancreatic cell, animal, and non-human-primate metabolic models.
View research profile →Pancreatic Polypeptide
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino-acid pancreatic hormone in the PP-fold family alongside NPY and PYY. Two small, controlled human IV-infusion trials found it reduced acute food intake.
View research profile →Parathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84) is the body's principal hormone for calcium and phosphate regulation. A recombinant exact-sequence PTH(1-84) product (Natpara) was FDA-approved in 2015 for hypoparathyroidism but has since been discontinued; related fragment-based products (Teriparatide, Yorvipath) are built on a shorter 34-residue piece of the hormone, not the full-length molecule.
View research profile →Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP)
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
PTHrP is a hormone-like signaling protein related to PTH, best known clinically for its role in cancer-related high calcium (humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy). A synthetic analogue drug, Abaloparatide, is built on part of its sequence but is a separate, firewalled subject.
View research profile →PE-22-28
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
PE-22-28 is a seven-amino-acid fragment derived from the spadin research program and studied as a TREK-1 potassium-channel inhibitor. The evidence located is preclinical only.
View research profile →PEG-MGF
Evidence: D+/C-Mostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
PEG-MGF is a poorly standardized term for a pegylated synthetic peptide related to the mechano growth factor E-domain. It is not the same as endogenous IGF-1Ec, full-length MGF, ordinary IGF-1, or Long R3 IGF-I.
View research profile →Peptide YY
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Peptide YY (PYY) is a gut hormone released after eating. Human research distinguishes two forms: PYY(3-36), which has been shown in controlled intravenous-infusion studies to reduce appetite and food intake (though at a dose that caused nausea in a majority of one study's participants), and PYY(1-36), which has not shown the same food-intake effect. PYY is related to, but functionally distinct from, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is covered separately on this site.
View research profile →Pinealon
Evidence: C-Limited Human Evidence
Human research available
Pinealon is a short tripeptide commonly identified as Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR). Most direct evidence is preclinical and comes from a narrow, frequently Russian-language research lineage.
View research profile →PNC-27
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
No human research yet
PNC-27 is a chimeric 32-residue experimental anticancer peptide studied for its ability to bind membrane-associated HDM-2/MDM2 on cancer cells and trigger targeted cell lysis. Evidence is limited to in-vitro, ex-vivo, and animal cancer models; no human clinical efficacy has been established.
View research profile →Prostamax
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Prostamax is a short synthetic peptide in the Khavinson bioregulator lineage, confirmed by patent RU2177802C1 as the tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro (KEDP). It has been studied for chromatin effects and in experimental prostatitis/BPH animal models; it must not be confused with Prostatilen or other prostate tissue extracts.
View research profile →PTD-DBM
Evidence: C-Limited Human Evidence
No human research yet
PTD-DBM is a protein-transduction-domain-linked Dishevelled-binding-motif competitor peptide designed to disrupt the CXXC5-Dishevelled interaction and modulate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Preclinical mouse studies report hair-regeneration effects, including stimulation of hair regrowth and wound-induced hair neogenesis (PMID 28595998) and a role for CXXC5 in DHT/PGD2-driven androgenetic alopecia (PMID 36831222); a 2025 review situates this within the broader Wnt/beta-catenin hair-follicle-neogenesis literature (PMID 40497955). These are preclinical mouse-model findings, not evidence of human efficacy, and DHT/PGD2 androgenetic-alopecia models do not by themselves establish a treatment effect in people. Wnt-pathway activation is not universally beneficial and carries theoretical pathway-risk considerations that preclinical hair-focused studies do not address. No adequate human randomized therapeutic trial was identified, and no injectable or systemic dosing can be inferred from this topical/preclinical work.
View research profile →RANKL
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
RANKL is the main signal that tells the body to activate bone-resorbing cells. Rare human genetic conditions where its absence prevents bone resorption demonstrate its role; an approved antibody drug (denosumab) blocks it to treat osteoporosis, but there is no established use for administering RANKL itself.
View research profile →Relaxin-2
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Relaxin-2 is the native human H2 relaxin hormone. The much larger intervention evidence base belongs to Serelaxin, a sequence-equivalent recombinant Relaxin-2 product. Serelaxin showed early hemodynamic and symptom signals, but the pivotal RELAX-AHF-2 trial was neutral for cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure, and EMA refused Reasanz marketing authorization. The Serelaxin programme is therefore graded separately rather than silently upgrading native Relaxin-2.
View research profile →Retatrutide
Evidence: B+Meaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Retatrutide is an investigational GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in Phase 3 development. Human trials report substantial effects on body weight and glucose control, with additional research in liver fat and obesity-related complications. It remains unapproved, and long-term cardiovascular outcomes, uncommon risks, maintenance after treatment, and real-world product quality remain unresolved.
View research profile →Sclerostin
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Sclerostin is a bone-cell signaling protein that normally acts as a brake on new bone formation. Rare human genetic conditions where its absence causes very high bone density directly demonstrate its role; an approved antibody drug (romosozumab) blocks it to treat osteoporosis, but there is no established use for administering sclerostin itself.
View research profile →Secretin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Secretin is a digestive hormone. ChiRhoStim, a synthetic version with the exact same amino-acid sequence as natural human secretin, is FDA-approved as a diagnostic agent for testing pancreatic function. Secretin also has a notable scientific history as a proposed autism treatment in the late 1990s -- a hypothesis that sixteen randomized controlled trials and a Cochrane systematic review have since found no evidence to support.
View research profile →Selank
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Selank is a synthetic peptide-based compound often discussed for stress response, anxiety, and neuroprotective mechanisms. It has more regional history of use than many gray-market peptides, but U.S.-style FDA-approved indications for common anxiolytic claims are lacking. This page summarizes Selank's regulatory status, small/limited human evidence, preclinical findings, and anecdotal nootropic reports.
View research profile →Semaglutide
Evidence: A/DEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved under three brand names (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus) for type 2 diabetes and/or chronic weight management, with the largest published trial program of any current obesity medication.
View research profile →Semax
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Semax is a synthetic peptide-based compound often discussed for focus, cognition, and neuroprotective mechanisms. It has more regional history of use than many gray-market peptides, but U.S.-style FDA-approved indications for common nootropic claims are lacking. This page summarizes Semax's regulatory status, small/limited human evidence, preclinical findings, and anecdotal nootropic reports.
View research profile →Sermorelin
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Sermorelin is the amidated 1–29 fragment of human growth hormone–releasing hormone. Historical human studies and former U.S. approvals support its ability to stimulate pituitary growth-hormone release and, in selected pediatric growth-hormone-deficiency populations, promote growth. Evidence for modern adult wellness, anti-aging, recovery, or body-composition uses remains limited and should not be inferred from the former pediatric and diagnostic indications.
View research profile →SLU-PP-332
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
SLU-PP-332 is an experimental small-molecule ERR agonist with mouse and cell evidence related to oxidative metabolism, endurance, metabolic syndrome, kidney aging, and heart failure models. In vitro metabolism and analytical-chemistry studies (including doping-control-oriented work) have characterized SLU-PP-332 and the related, distinct compound SLU-PP-915 using human liver fractions -- laboratory material, not human administration.
View research profile →SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3)
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
SNAP-8 is the cosmetic ingredient Acetyl Octapeptide-3. Human studies identified evaluated multi-ingredient topical or microneedle formulations, not isolated SNAP-8 monotherapy, so the peptide's individual contribution cannot be determined. SNAP-8 is distinct from Acetyl Hexapeptide-8/Argireline, and neither cosmetic evidence nor mechanism proposals establish injectable, systemic, drug-like, or botulinum-toxin-equivalent effects.
View research profile →Somatostatin
Evidence: DMostly Preclinical Evidence
Human research available
Somatostatin (SST, SRIF, GHIH) is the body's primary growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone, circulating in two native forms (SST-14 and SST-28) with some differential potency. Controlled human studies confirm it suppresses insulin, glucagon, and gastric acid secretion, but its extremely short plasma half-life (1-3 minutes) makes native somatostatin itself unsuitable as a standalone drug. Two long-acting, sequence-modified synthetic analogues, Octreotide (Sandostatin) and Lanreotide (Somatuline Depot), are FDA-approved medicines for acromegaly (both drugs); Lanreotide is additionally approved for certain neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs, to improve progression-free survival) and for carcinoid syndrome, while Octreotide is additionally approved for symptom control (diarrhea and flushing) in metastatic carcinoid tumors and for VIPoma-associated diarrhea, not for tumor control -- but their approval and clinical results belong to those specific drug products and specific indications, not to native somatostatin itself or to each other.
View research profile →Somatropin
Evidence: A/DEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Somatropin is a recombinant form of human growth hormone, FDA-approved since the 1980s-2000s (multiple brands) for pediatric and adult growth hormone deficiency and several related conditions. It has one of the largest human clinical evidence bases of any compound in this catalog, but off-label wellness/anti-aging use is not supported by the same evidence and carries an open, FDA-flagged safety question about long-term mortality risk in a specific pediatric population.
View research profile →SS-31
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Elamipretide, also known by the development codes SS-31 and MTP-131, is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In September 2025, FDA granted accelerated approval to the finished product Forzinity (elamipretide) for a narrow indication: improving muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with genetically confirmed Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg, based on an intermediate endpoint. This approval does not extend to broader mitochondrial, anti-aging, exercise, cardiac, renal, neurologic, or ophthalmic uses.
View research profile →Substance P
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Substance P is a mature tachykinin peptide produced from the human TAC1 precursor, which also gives rise to the distinct peptides Neurokinin A, Neuropeptide K, and Neuropeptide gamma. Substance P has one of the most extensive direct-human experimental pharmacology records of any Batch 13 subject: controlled, randomized studies have administered it intravenously, intra-arterially, and intradermally, documenting effects on headache/migraine provocation, mood and sleep, neuroendocrine hormone release, vascular tone, and cutaneous inflammation. This is substantial human pharmacology evidence; it does not establish that administering Substance P provides any therapeutic benefit.
View research profile →Survodutide
Evidence: A-/B+Established Human Evidence
Human research available
Survodutide is an investigational dual agonist that activates both the glucagon receptor and the GLP-1 receptor, combining GLP-1-driven appetite suppression with glucagon-driven energy expenditure. It is in Phase 3 development for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and separately for MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis) with liver fibrosis.
View research profile →TB-500
Evidence: EVery Limited / Anecdotal Evidence
Human research available
TB-500 is marketed as the short thymosin-beta-4 fragment LKKTETQ and is not the same molecule as full-length 43-amino-acid thymosin beta-4. FDA reports no identified human exposure data for drug products containing the exact fragment. Human studies of full-length thymosin beta-4 and RGN-259 are related biological context only and do not establish TB-500 efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, or dosing.
View research profile →Teriparatide
Evidence: AEstablished Human Evidence
No human research yet
Teriparatide is recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH(1-34)), FDA-approved in multiple finished products, including Forteo, for defined osteoporosis populations at high risk of fracture. It is distinct from full-length PTH(1-84) and from abaloparatide.
View research profile →Terlipressin
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Terlipressin (TERLIVAZ) is an FDA-approved synthetic vasopressin analogue for hepatorenal syndrome with rapid kidney-function decline. Its strongest evidence is the pivotal CONFIRM trial, which showed a real but moderate improvement in kidney-function reversal without a clear survival benefit — and its boxed warning for serious/fatal respiratory failure means the drug's risk profile is as central to its identity as its efficacy.
View research profile →Tesamorelin
Evidence: A/DEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Tesamorelin is an FDA-approved growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue for reducing excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Randomized trials support reduction of visceral adipose tissue in that specific population, with additional population-specific research on liver fat. It is not indicated for general weight loss, and evidence does not establish anti-aging, bodybuilding, cognitive, athletic, or longevity benefits.
View research profile →Testagen
Evidence: D+Mostly Preclinical Evidence
No human research yet
Testagen is the tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly (KEDG), studied for cellular/nuclear penetration and older endocrine/reproductive preclinical literature. Its name should not be interpreted as evidence it raises testosterone.
View research profile →Thymalin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Thymalin is described in the literature as a polypeptide extract or complex isolated from calf thymus, not a single defined peptide sequence. Cell studies and several small or observational human reports exist, but product composition, study quality, and independent replication limit confidence.
View research profile →Thymosin Alpha-1
Evidence: B/CMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
Thymosin alpha 1, or thymalfasin, is a defined immunomodulatory peptide studied in viral hepatitis, sepsis, pancreatitis, cancer, and other settings. Results are indication-specific and mixed.
View research profile →Tirzepatide
Evidence: A/DEstablished Human Evidence
Human research available
Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and as Zepbound for chronic weight management and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity. Large phase 3 programs, including SURMOUNT and SURPASS, support its approved metabolic indications.
View research profile →Urocortin-2
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Urocortin-2 is a CRHR2-preferring endogenous peptide with direct human cardiovascular evidence in healthy volunteers and heart-failure patients. Acute studies show strong vasodilator and cardiac-output effects, and a small randomized heart-failure study provides early clinical evidence, but the database remains far too limited for definitive treatment or long-term safety claims.
View research profile →Urodilatin
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
Urodilatin is a 32-amino-acid kidney-derived natriuretic peptide, distinct from circulating ANP despite sharing the same gene precursor, with genuine but modest direct human evidence for renal natriuretic/diuretic effects. Its exact-sequence manufactured form, Ularitide, was tested in a large Phase III trial (TRUE-AHF) that showed favorable short-term hemodynamics but no long-term cardiovascular-mortality benefit — a negative pivotal result that is central to this molecule's evidence picture and explains why it was never approved as a drug.
View research profile →VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
Evidence: CLimited Human Evidence
Human research available
VIP is a long-studied endogenous neuropeptide with broad vascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, neural, and immune effects. Human aviptadil trials are indication- and route-specific and have produced mixed results: a 2025 phase II trial of inhaled aviptadil in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia reported a borderline-shorter mean time to discharge, lower day-7 dyspnea, and greater day-28 CT improvement (mortality numerically lower but not statistically significant), while intravenous aviptadil showed no benefit in the large TESICO critical-COVID-19 trial.
View research profile →VK2735
Evidence: BMeaningful Human Evidence
Human research available
VK2735 is an engineered peptide developed by Viking Therapeutics that acts as a dual agonist at the GIP receptor and the GLP-1 receptor. In a 13-week Phase 2 trial, subcutaneous VK2735 produced dose-dependent weight loss of up to 14.7% versus 1.7% with placebo. An oral tablet formulation has reported topline (not yet peer-reviewed) results of up to 12.2% weight loss. VK2735 is investigational, with two Phase 3 subcutaneous trials underway. It shares a receptor-targeting pair with tirzepatide but is a distinct molecule; no evidence transfer between the two is permitted.
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