CARNITOR (levocarnitine) Injection -- FDA Prescribing Information (NDA 20-182)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA-approved indications for levocarnitine (CARNITOR) Injection: treatment of primary systemic carnitine deficiency; prevention and treatment of carnitine deficiency in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis; and acute and chronic treatment of patients with an inborn error of metabolism resulting in secondary carnitine deficiency. No indication covers weight loss, fat-burning, or athletic performance in individuals without a diagnosed deficiency.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
VOXZOGO (vosoritide) FDA prescribing information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official product labeling defines Vosoritide as a CNP analogue and documents its regulated indication and product safety information.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Bronchogen
Anti-inflammatory/regenerative pulmonary study of Bronchogen
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reports anti-inflammatory and regenerative pulmonary markers associated with Bronchogen in an animal model.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Bronchogen
Bronchogen pulmonary-remodeling study
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Animal study reporting Bronchogen effects on pulmonary remodeling measures.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Pancragen
Effect of Pancragen on blood glucose, capillary permeability and adhesion
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reported changes in blood glucose and capillary permeability/adhesion measures associated with Pancragen administration.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Bronchogen
Effect of the peptide bronchogen on DNA thermal stability
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reports DNA thermal-stability effects of Bronchogen. NOTE: this paper's own title states the sequence as Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu, an outlier versus later papers in the same lineage which converge on Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu (AEDL) -- retained here as a documented source inconsistency, not the canonical sequence.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Pancragen
Extracellular-matrix-derived peptide paper discussing KEDW/Pancragen-associated pancreatic marker expression
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Discusses KEDW/Pancragen-associated pancreatic marker expression in the context of extracellular-matrix-derived peptides.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Testagen
Hypophyseal KEDG-related endocrine/aging study
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Older endocrine/reproductive and hypophyseal-related experimental literature reporting biological effects associated with KEDG; the body of evidence is limited.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Pancragen
Impaired glucose tolerance in old monkeys: Pancragen and glimepiride comparison
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Aging-monkey model comparing Pancragen with the drug glimepiride on glucose-tolerance measures.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Chonluten
Khavinson review discussing respiratory peptide bioregulators
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review discussing respiratory-bioregulator peptides, including Chonluten; mechanistic and older clinical descriptions require careful source-level verification.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Pancragen
Metabolic-disorder / type-2 diabetes report involving Pancragen
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Limited report discussing Pancragen in the context of metabolic disorder / type-2 diabetes; does not establish a modern evidence-based diabetes therapy.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Pancragen
Non-human primate endocrine-pancreatic study of Pancragen
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Non-human primate study reporting endocrine-pancreatic measures associated with Pancragen.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Pancragen
Pancragen pancreatic-cell differentiation study
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cell studies report modulation of pancreatic differentiation markers, including PDX1 and other transcription factors associated with acinar/islet differentiation.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Prostamax
Peptide epigenetic motif review including Prostamax
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Broader paper on epigenetic-regulator peptides in rodents with long and short lifespans; NOT an exact Prostamax/KEDP identity paper. Should not be used as a core exact-identity citation -- RU2177802C1 and PMID 23221144 are materially stronger for identity.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Prostamax
RU2177802C1 -- Tetrapeptide regulating prostate function, pharmacological agent based on thereof and method of its using
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Patent explicitly claims the tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro ("lysyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-proline"), lists Prostamax as the associated trade name, states it is prepared by classical peptide synthesis in solution, and explicitly distinguishes it from Prostatilen (a prostate-tissue-derived polypeptide preparation). Confirms Prostamax = synthetic KEDP, separate from tissue extracts.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Bronchogen
Short Exogenous Peptides Regulate Expression of CLE, KNOX1, and GRF Family Genes in Nicotiana tabacum
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A cross-species short-peptide gene-expression screen in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants that includes the AEDL/Bronchogen sequence. Useful only for sequence-naming corroboration -- this is a PLANT gene-expression study, not human or mammalian biology, and must not be cited as biological/mechanistic support for a human respiratory claim.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cardiogen
AEDR and Cytoskeletal/Nuclear Matrix Protein Expression
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A laboratory study of AEDR/Cardiogen reported altered expression of cytoskeletal and nuclear-matrix proteins. These molecular findings do not establish organ specificity, clinical target engagement, or therapeutic benefit.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Biological Activity of the E Domain of the IGF-1Ec (Mechano Growth Factor)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A review of E-domain/MGF biological activity discusses proposed IGF-I-receptor-independent signaling and tissue-repair roles while noting that an autonomous circulating 24-amino-acid E-domain peptide has not been definitively isolated from human tissues or biological fluids. Transcript-level and full-length-protein evidence cannot be assumed to establish this.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cerebrolysin
CAPTAIN II Acute Brain Injury Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized and controlled studies of the CAPTAIN program report signals of improved multidimensional recovery after moderate-to-severe TBI.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin Dose-Ranging Alzheimer Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In a 192-participant randomized trial, the global CIBIC+ measure favored Cerebrolysin at week 12; the abstract did not report a significant ADAS-Cog treatment difference; baseline imbalances were present; adverse events were common in both groups.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin in Vascular Dementia
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Some randomized studies report improvements in cognition and global function in mild-to-moderate vascular dementia. Evidence quality, replication, and applicability to modern diagnostic criteria remain limitations.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin Neurorecovery After Moderate-Severe TBI
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The CAPTAIN program reports signals of improved multidimensional recovery after moderate-to-severe TBI. The evidence does not establish routine use in all TBI, benefit after remote concussion, healthy cognitive enhancement, prevention of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or a self-directed recovery protocol.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin Plus Alteplase Randomized Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A randomized study combining Cerebrolysin with alteplase found the combination was tolerable but did not improve the principal day-90 outcome. Short-term neurological measures favored treatment during the exposure period.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin Product and Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Cerebrolysin has foreign prescribing information for selected cerebrovascular, dementia, and brain-injury indications, including hypersensitivity, epilepsy, and severe-renal-impairment contraindications/cautions. Foreign authorization does not create U.S. FDA approval. Used for identity and foreign-label context only.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin A
Characterization of Recombinant Human Orexin Receptors
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Orexin A activates both OX1R and OX2R with high functional activity at each. Orexin B activates OX2R efficiently but has substantially weaker functional activity at OX1R than Orexin A, so the two peptides must not be treated as interchangeable or dose-equivalent.
View in Study DatabaseClinicalTrials.gov Search Portal
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
No modern registered interventional development program for Cardiogen, Cortagen, Pinealon, or Vesugen was identified in the reviewed ClinicalTrials.gov searches.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
ClinicalTrials.gov Search Portal
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
No registered human interventional trial of FOXO4-DRI or Crystagen was identified in the reviewed ClinicalTrials.gov searches.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin A
ClinicalTrials.gov Search Portal
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
General trial-registry search portal used as part of this review's regulatory/trial-landscape check.
View in Study DatabaseCortagen and IL-2 Gene Expression in Mouse Splenocytes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
An in-vitro study reported that Cortagen/AEDP altered IL-2 mRNA gene expression in mouse splenocytes. This molecular finding does not establish a validated human immune target, clinical immune benefit, or tissue specificity.
View in Study DatabaseCosmeceutical Peptides and SNAP-8 Mechanism Review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A review of cosmeceutical peptides situates SNAP-8 as a longer analogue of the acetyl-hexapeptide cosmetic class, proposed to mimic a region of SNAP-25 involved in SNARE-complex assembly. The review notes major limitations: topical skin penetration and peptide stability are formulation dependent, laboratory SNARE interference does not prove muscle paralysis, cosmetic wrinkle appearance is not equivalent to chemodenervation, and botulinum toxins cleave SNARE proteins through a fundamentally different enzymatic mechanism than any proposed cosmetic-peptide effect.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin A
Danavorexton OX2R-Agonist Human Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Danavorexton is a synthetic, nonpeptide OX2R agonist studied in humans. It is a distinct molecular class from native Orexin A/Orexin B. Results from danavorexton, oveporexton, or another synthetic receptor agonist cannot establish the identity, stability, brain penetration, dosing, safety, or effectiveness of native orexin peptide products -- used here only as an identity/evidence boundary, not as orexin-peptide evidence.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dermorphin
Dermorphin Stimulates Thyrotropin Secretion in Normal Subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small human study reported that dermorphin stimulated thyrotropin (TSH) secretion in normal subjects, another old, small, route-specific endocrine-pharmacology finding.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
Dihexa and Aminoglycoside Hair-Cell Injury in Zebrafish
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Dihexa has been studied in zebrafish hair-cell injury and other laboratory systems. Protective effects were model-, toxin-, dose-, and pathway-specific and were not universal; preclinical c-Met activation must not be generalized into brain repair, hearing restoration, motor-neuron repair, or tissue regeneration.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
Dihexa HGF/c-Met-Dependent Synaptogenesis and Cognition
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In neuronal systems, Dihexa was associated with dendritic spine formation, synaptogenesis, and increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, with effects blocked by HGF antagonism or c-Met suppression. These findings support an experimental HGF/c-Met-dependent mechanism and do not establish safe or beneficial human neurogenesis.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
Dihexa in APP/PS1 Alzheimer-Model Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Orally administered Dihexa improved performance in the APP/PS1 Alzheimer-model mouse, a model-specific finding that does not establish treatment of Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson disease, or healthy aging.
View in Study DatabaseEDR and KED Effects on Serotonin Expression in Brain-Cortex Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
An in-vitro study reported effects of EDR and KED on serotonin expression in brain-cortex cells. This cell finding does not establish human neurogenesis, cognitive benefit, or a validated clinical mechanism, and cannot be assigned to KED/Vesugen alone.
View in Study DatabaseEDR-DNA Interaction
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A biophysical study examined EDR-DNA interaction using molecular-docking and structural methods. This supports a mechanistic hypothesis only, not a validated human receptor, pharmacodynamic biomarker, or disease-modifying mechanism.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Crystagen
Effect of Tripeptides on Lymphoid and Stem Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A 2011 laboratory study evaluated short tripeptides in primary embryonic mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, human K-562 erythromyelosis cells, and lymphoid-cell systems, reporting differential effects on proliferation, including stimulation of spontaneous proliferation in normal lymphocytes and inhibitory effects in selected embryonic or immortalized cell systems. This was cell-based research; it does not establish immune restoration, infection prevention, cancer treatment, or clinical safety.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dermorphin
Effects of Dermorphin on the Endocrine System in Man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small human study reported endocrine effects of intravenous dermorphin exposure, including changes in prolactin, growth hormone, renin, and ACTH/cortisol. This is small, old, route-specific human pharmacology, not evidence of a modern approved therapeutic use.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 on the Response of Cultured Chondrocytes to IGF-I and Long R3 IGF-I
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In cultured cells, IGF-binding-protein-3 suppressed native IGF-I-stimulated proliferation more than Long R3 IGF-I-stimulated proliferation, consistent with Long R3 IGF-I's reduced IGFBP affinity. Cell-culture potency differences do not establish human efficacy, tissue selectivity, or safety.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Cosmetic Versus Drug Intended-Use Guidance
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA guidance on distinguishing cosmetic from drug intended use: a product's intended use (as shown by claims) determines whether it is regulated as a cosmetic, a drug, or both, independent of ingredient identity. Shared reference for both AHK-Cu and SNAP-8.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin A
FDA Drug Approvals and Databases
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
No FDA-approved Orexin A or Orexin B peptide drug or indication was identified in the reviewed FDA drug databases.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Somatropin
FDA Drug Approvals and Databases (Somatropin)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA drug-approval databases confirm multiple somatropin brands are approved as distinct finished products, each with its own indications, formulation, device, and label -- approval is finished-product and indication specific, not a single blanket approval covering every brand or every use.
View in Study DatabaseFDA GSRS/UNII Cagrilintide Substance Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's Global Substance Registration System identifies cagrilintide (UNII AO43BIF1U8) as an amylin-analogue peptide substance. A UNII record establishes chemical/substance identity only and does not indicate FDA approval, safety review, or effectiveness determination.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
FDA GSRS/UNII Dihexa Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
An FDA GSRS/UNII identity record is a substance-identification record, not drug approval.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026HGH Fragment 176-191
FDA Import Alert 66-71: Human Growth Hormone
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
No FDA-approved drug containing HGH Fragment 176-191 was identified. FDA-approved somatropin products do not authorize or validate isolated HGH Fragment 176-191.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act Overview
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The FDA's Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act (MoCRA) overview describes updated cosmetic facility registration, product listing, safety substantiation, and adverse-event reporting requirements. MoCRA does not create a premarket drug-approval requirement for ordinary cosmetic ingredients such as SNAP-8, and commercial cosmetic availability under MoCRA is not equivalent to FDA drug approval.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
FDA PCAC Page Listing Planned Dihexa Acetate Review
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA announced that Dihexa acetate is among substances intended for discussion by the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee for possible 503A-list inclusion. Advisory review or nomination is not FDA approval, and no final favorable FDA determination was identified as of the research cutoff.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Future Meeting Page
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA has announced that cathelicidin LL-37 is intended for future Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee discussion. No meeting date, advisory vote, final listing decision, or favorable FDA action was identified as of the research cutoff (2026-07-30). A future advisory review is not approval and does not establish compounding eligibility.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
FDA Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA describes safety risks associated with certain compounded bulk drug substances, including identity, purity, and quality uncertainty. PEG-MGF has separate FDA safety concerns documented elsewhere and must not be merged into this page's MGF discussion.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
FDA Significant Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA states that it has not identified human exposure data for drug products containing Dihexa acetate administered by any route and lacks important information needed to determine whether it would harm humans.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Wrinkle Treatments and Other Anti-Aging Products
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA does not preapprove cosmetic ingredients or ordinary cosmetics before marketing. Claims that a topical product changes skin structure/function, increases collagen production, treats disease, or otherwise affects body function may make it a drug claim requiring approval. Shared reference for both AHK-Cu and SNAP-8 -- the FDA page does not name either compound specifically, it establishes the general cosmetic-claims regulatory boundary both pages rely on.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Adipotide
First Patient Dosed in Adipotide Phase I Study
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Sponsor newsroom announcement describing dosing of the first patient in the Phase I Prohibitin-TP01/Adipotide study. Development-context material only -- not a peer-reviewed report of human weight-loss efficacy or outcome data, and registry status plus a company announcement do not by themselves establish published human efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4 Peptide in Pulmonary Fibrosis Model
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Evaluated FOXO4-DRI in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary-fibrosis model. Supports experimental senescence biology but does not establish clinical treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI and Age-Related Testosterone Secretion in Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Mouse and cell studies reported reduced senescent Leydig-cell burden, improved testicular microenvironment, and partial restoration of age-related testosterone secretion in mice. These findings do not establish treatment of human hypogonadism, infertility, low testosterone, erectile dysfunction, or age-related reproductive decline.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI and Spermatogenesis in Aged Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reported improved sperm quality and spermatogenesis in aged mice. These findings do not establish treatment of human infertility or age-related reproductive decline.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI and Vascular Aging in Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Evaluated FOXO4-DRI in senescent vascular-endothelial cells and aged mice. Supports experimental senescence biology but does not establish clinical treatment of cardiovascular aging.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI in Expanded Human Chondrocytes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Evaluated FOXO4-DRI in expanded human chondrocytes in vitro. Supports experimental senescence biology but does not establish clinical treatment of arthritis or joint disease.
View in Study DatabaseFull Text: Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Full-text version of the direct 2017 PE-22-28 research program: inhibition of human TREK-1 current in transfected cells with apparent potency exceeding parent spadin, mouse forced-swim/learned-helplessness/corticosterone/novelty-suppressed-feeding findings, increased BrdU-positive hippocampal cells after short mouse treatment, increased PSD-95 in cultured mouse cortical neurons, and longer measured activity than spadin in the tested mouse paradigm. All direct efficacy evidence remains preclinical and concentrated in one research group.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026HGH Fragment 176-191
HGH Fragment 176-191 in Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A 2022 study evaluated hGH Fragment 176-191 as part of a chitosan-nanoparticle formulation combined with doxorubicin against MCF-7 breast-cancer cells. This was an in-vitro drug-delivery experiment; it did not administer the peptide to humans and does not establish cancer treatment, fat loss, metabolic benefit, systemic safety, standalone peptide efficacy, or efficacy of ordinary lyophilized marketplace material.
View in Study DatabaseKED and AEDG in Aging Human Oral Stem Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
An in-vitro stem-cell study reported effects of KED and AEDG on aging human oral stem cells. This cell finding does not establish human anti-aging benefit or clinical tissue specificity.
View in Study DatabaseKED and Short Peptides in Neuronal Differentiation and Cell Senescence
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A 2025 in-vitro study reported effects of KED and other short peptides on neuronal differentiation and cell senescence. This cell finding does not establish human neurogenesis, anti-aging, or clinical benefit.
View in Study DatabaseKED/Vesugen and Tissue-Specific Cell Differentiation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A laboratory study reported effects of KED/Vesugen on tissue-specific cell differentiation markers. This cell finding does not establish vascular rejuvenation, reversal of atherosclerosis, or clinical benefit.
View in Study DatabaseLL-37 and Self-RNA-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
LL-37 can form complexes with self-RNA that stimulate innate immune signaling, contributing to inflammatory and autoimmune biology rather than acting as a simple immune enhancer. This is a distinct source record from the dataset's existing self-DNA (PMID 17873860) and self-RNA/TLR7-8 (PMID 19703986) studies, which carry different PMIDs.
View in Study DatabaseLL-37 as a T-Cell Autoantigen in Psoriasis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
LL-37 is recognized as a T-cell autoantigen in psoriasis, implicating it in autoimmune pathophysiology and contradicting simplistic claims that more LL-37 is always beneficial. Distinct source record from the dataset's existing PMID 21850017 (keratinocyte/TLR9 reactivity) study.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
Metabolically Stabilized Angiotensin IV Analogues Including Dihexa
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Dihexa is a metabolically stabilized Angiotensin-IV-derived analogue distinct from native Angiotensin IV and Nle1-Angiotensin IV. Laboratory studies report that Dihexa binds HGF and potentiates HGF-dependent c-Met activation.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026ACE-031
Myostatin Inhibitors: Panacea or Predicament for Musculoskeletal Disorders?
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A review of myostatin/ActRIIB-pathway inhibitors situates ACE-031 as a broad soluble ActRIIB ligand trap distinct from selective myostatin-only antibodies, and summarizes that its Duchenne muscular dystrophy development program was discontinued after safety findings. The review does not establish that ACE-031, ACE-083, or other ActRIIB/myostatin-pathway agents are interchangeable or that any is approved or safe for human muscle-building use.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Adipotide
NCI Drug Dictionary: Prohibitin-Targeting Peptide 1
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
NCI's Drug Dictionary describes prohibitin-targeting peptide 1 (Adipotide/Prohibitin-TP01) as an investigational chimeric peptidomimetic that combines a prohibitin-targeting domain with a proapoptotic sequence and notes potential antineoplastic activity. NCI does not describe an FDA-approved product or an established human obesity indication.
View in Study DatabaseNovel Recombinant Fusion Protein Analogues of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The original engineering paper describes a family of related IGF-I muteins -- including Long IGF-I (N-terminal extension only), R3-IGF-I (Arg3 substitution only), Long R3 IGF-I (both modifications), and Long R3A16 IGF-I (an additional mutation) -- with differing IGF-binding-protein affinity and receptor potency. These related but distinct muteins must not be merged with one another or with native IGF-I.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026SLU-PP-332
Orally Active ERR Agonist Developed From SLU-PP-332 Scaffold
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A medicinal-chemistry paper describes development of a newer, orally active ERR agonist starting from the SLU-PP-332 scaffold, explicitly noting that SLU-PP-332 itself lacks oral bioavailability and functions as a chemical probe/starting point for improved analogues. Evidence generated for the newer orally bioavailable analogue does not transfer to SLU-PP-332.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin A
Orexin A and Sleep-Deprivation Cognitive Performance in Nonhuman Primates
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Animal studies report Orexin A effects on wakefulness and cognitive performance during sleep deprivation. This nonhuman-primate finding does not establish human treatment of fatigue, cognitive impairment, obesity, depression, ADHD, dementia, sleep deprivation, or athletic performance.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Cardiogen
Peptide Substance Restoring Myocardium Function (US7662789B2)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registriesanalytical_study
A U.S. patent describes AEDR/Cardiogen as a peptide substance related to myocardial function. Patents are intellectual-property documents, not clinical validation of safety or efficacy, and are retained here for identity/history context only.
View in Study DatabasePinealon and Biological-Age Indicators in Locomotive Workers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A report involving locomotive workers described changes in biological-age and adaptation indicators after Pinealon use. The abstract does not provide the modern trial details needed to establish randomization, blinding, allocation concealment, validated clinical endpoints, complete adverse-event reporting, or durable benefit.
View in Study DatabasePinealon and Vesugen in 32 People With Polymorbidity and Organic Brain Syndrome
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A 32-person study of Pinealon and Vesugen in participants with polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome reported changes in biological-age indicators, but also reported pro-oxidant activity and reduced circulating CD34-positive hematopoietic markers. The small sample, mixed compounds, unclear control methods, surrogate endpoints, and concerning laboratory signals prevent anti-aging, geroprotective, or safety claims, and prevent attribution to either compound alone.
View in Study DatabasePinealon and Vesugen in Professional Truck Drivers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A study of professional truck drivers and metal-worker controls reported the best psychoadaptive effect with combined Pinealon and Vesugen. Combination exposure, occupational confounding, unclear treatment allocation, and subjective endpoints prevent attribution of this result to either compound alone.
View in Study DatabasePinealon, ROS, Cell Survival, and Cell-Cycle Effects
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Laboratory studies reported that EDR/Pinealon reduced reactive-oxygen-species accumulation and necrotic cell death in selected neural and non-neural cell systems and altered ERK activation and cell-cycle behavior. These findings do not establish antioxidant therapy, neuroprotection, or clinical safety in humans, and cell-cycle effects create unresolved proliferative and oncologic questions.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026PEG-MGF
Producing Human Mechano Growth Factor in E. coli
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Recombinant full-length MGF has been produced and tested in laboratory systems. Full-length recombinant protein is not equivalent to pegylated E-domain peptide.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Producing Human Mechano Growth Factor in Escherichia coli
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Describes laboratory expression of full-length recombinant human MGF/pro-IGF-1Ec in E. coli. Full-length recombinant-protein evidence cannot be assigned to the 24-amino-acid synthetic E-domain peptide or to marketplace products of uncertain sequence and purity.
View in Study DatabasePubChem AHK-Cu Identity Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem records identify AHK-Cu (the copper complex of L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) and AHK-Cu hydrochloride as distinct chemical substance records. A database identity record is not FDA approval or clinical validation.
View in Study DatabasePubChem Cibinetide Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registriesanalytical_study
PubChem's Cibinetide compound record establishes the identity of the 11-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from the three-dimensional structure of erythropoietin. Used for identity verification only, not efficacy evidence.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dihexa
PubChem Dihexa Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Dihexa, also called PNB-0408, is the metabolically stabilized Angiotensin-IV-derived analogue N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6-aminohexanoic amide) -- a small peptidomimetic/oligopeptide-derived molecule rather than a native endogenous peptide, distinct from Angiotensin IV, HGF, c-Met, HGF/c-Met agonist antibodies, fosgonimeton, and other unrelated compounds.
View in Study DatabasePubChem GHK-Cu and Prezatide Copper Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem's GHK-Cu / prezatide copper record establishes GHK-Cu as a distinct chemical substance from AHK-Cu. Replacing the N-terminal glycine of GHK with alanine produces a different tripeptide; this record is cited for identity-boundary purposes only, not as AHK-Cu evidence.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026HGH Fragment 176-191
PubChem HGH Fragment 176-191 Record
Review Articles / Secondary Sourcesanalytical_study
HGH Fragment 176-191 is the unmodified C-terminal 16-amino-acid segment corresponding to residues 176 through 191 of human growth hormone, distinct from AOD-9604's modified sequence.
View in Study DatabasePubChem Pinealon Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial Registriesanalytical_study
PubChem's Pinealon compound record establishes the identity of the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR). Used for identity verification only, not efficacy evidence.
View in Study DatabaseREDEFINE 1 Trial Registry
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official ClinicalTrials.gov registry record for REDEFINE 1, describing cagrilintide-semaglutide (CagriSema) as an investigational combination not yet approved for prescribing.
View in Study DatabaseREDEFINE 2 Cagrilintide-Semaglutide Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
REDEFINE 2, a Phase 3a trial in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes, reported significantly greater weight reduction with cagrilintide-semaglutide (CagriSema) than placebo in that population. The result applies to the exact combination product, escalation scheme, population, and duration studied -- not to cagrilintide monotherapy.
View in Study DatabaseREDEFINE 3 Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial Registry
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official ClinicalTrials.gov registry record for REDEFINE 3, the dedicated cardiovascular-outcomes trial for cagrilintide-semaglutide. Cardiovascular-event-reduction benefit is not yet established pending this trial's results.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dermorphin
Rediscovery of Old Drugs: Dermorphin for Postoperative Pain and Palliation
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A clinical-history review discusses older intrathecal postoperative and cancer-pain findings for dermorphin. The review frames these as historical small studies, not evidence of a modern approved analgesic, superiority to morphine, reduced addiction potential, or a safe consumer protocol.
View in Study DatabaseShort Peptides and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Periodontal Stem Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
An in-vitro stem-cell study reported effects of short peptides, including AEDP, on neuronal differentiation of human periodontal stem cells. This cell finding does not establish human neurogenesis, cognitive benefit, or clinical tissue specificity.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin B
Signaling Profile of Recombinant Human Orexin-2 Receptor
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cell and receptor-signaling research supports OX2R-mediated arousal signaling, receptor signaling and desensitization. These findings remain preclinical/cellular and do not establish human administered-Orexin-B efficacy or safety.
View in Study DatabaseSolution Structure and Backbone Dynamics of Long-[Arg3]Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Structural analysis confirms the Arg3 substitution and 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension defining Long R3 IGF-I, and describes altered N-terminal conformation alongside preserved IGF-domain structure. This establishes molecular identity, not therapeutic benefit.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin B
Solution Structure of Human Hypocretin-2/Orexin-B
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Orexin B, also called hypocretin-2, is an endogenous linear 28-amino-acid neuropeptide generated from prepro-orexin. The mature human peptide is C-terminally amidated. Human and rodent Orexin B sequences are not identical; species-specific sequence must be verified.
View in Study DatabaseSpadin Regulation of Synaptogenesis
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reports parent-compound spadin effects on synaptogenesis. Kept as an explicit parent-compound boundary source: findings about spadin do not establish the same effect for the distinct, shorter PE-22-28 fragment.
View in Study DatabaseSpadin, a Sortilin-Derived Peptide Targeting Rodent TREK-1 Channels
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Original discovery paper for spadin, the sortilin-derived parent peptide from which PE-22-28 (residues 22-28) is fragmented, targeting rodent TREK-1 channels. Parent-compound context: evidence about spadin itself cannot automatically be assigned to the shorter PE-22-28 fragment.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Orexin B
Structure-Activity Studies of Orexin A and Orexin B
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Structure-activity relationships for Orexin A and Orexin B are concentrated in the C-terminal region. Orexin B is often described as relatively OX2-preferring, but it is not an absolutely selective OX2R ligand, and results from a synthetic selective OX2R agonist cannot be assigned to native Orexin B.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Synthetic MGF E-Domain Peptide (MGF-Ct24E) and Human Myogenic Precursor Cell Migration
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A synthetic MGF-Ct24E E-domain peptide promoted migration of human myogenic precursor cells in cell-based assays. This is a cell finding and does not establish human muscle hypertrophy, injury recovery, or disease treatment; independent replication attempts with MGF peptides found no apparent effect under different conditions.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026PEG-MGF
Synthetic MGF E-Domain Peptide and Human Myogenic Precursor Migration
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cell and animal studies of unpegylated MGF-related peptides have reported effects on myogenic precursor proliferation or migration. These are not studies of a defined commercial PEG-MGF product.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Synthetic MGF E-Peptide and Human Myogenic Precursor Cell Transplantation in Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Synthetic MGF E-peptide co-treatment improved engraftment of transplanted human myogenic precursor cells in a mouse model. This is a cell/animal transplantation finding, not a human treatment trial, and does not establish muscle repair or safety in humans.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026FOXO4-DRI
Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The 2017 Cell study identified FOXO4 as a regulator of senescent-cell viability and developed FOXO4-DRI to compete with FOXO4-p53 binding. In cultured senescent cells, the peptide promoted p53 redistribution and apoptosis. In progeroid and naturally aged mice, treatment was associated with improvements in selected measures including activity, fur density, and renal-function markers. These results were preclinical and did not demonstrate increased human lifespan, reversal of human aging, or clinical safety.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dermorphin
The Dermorphin Peptide Family
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A review of the dermorphin peptide family describes dermorphin as the amidated heptapeptide Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2, a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist originally isolated from Phyllomedusa frog skin, and situates it among a distinct family that includes deltorphins and dermenkephalin -- related but chemically and pharmacologically separate peptides that must not be merged with dermorphin itself.
View in Study DatabaseThe Disulfide Folding Pathway of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Characterizes the disulfide folding pathway of Long R3 IGF-I, relevant to correct-vs-misfolded disulfide isomers as a manufacturing/product-quality concern for unapproved marketplace material.
View in Study DatabaseThymalin as Adjunctive Therapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
An older comparative study evaluated Thymalin as an adjunct to standard therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Study age, reporting limitations, combination treatment, and changes in modern standard care mean this does not establish independent antimicrobial efficacy or justify replacement of established treatment.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin Alpha-1 and Influenza Vaccine Response
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Older small studies evaluated Thymosin Alpha-1 as an adjunct to influenza vaccination in selected immune-impaired populations. The evidence is old, heterogeneous, and insufficient to establish routine vaccine enhancement, prevention of influenza, or a general immune-boosting indication.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Dermorphin
WADA 2026 Monitoring Program
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
WADA's 2026 Monitoring Program lists dermorphin and analogues among narcotics monitored in competition. Monitoring status is explicitly NOT the same as inclusion on the WADA Prohibited List and must not be described as prohibition.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026PEG-MGF
WADA Research on Analytical Detection of MGF Analogues
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
WADA-sponsored analytical research on detection of MGF analogues speaks to anti-doping testing methodology, not to PEG-MGF's chemical identity, efficacy, or human safety.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026HGH Fragment 176-191
WADA Research on Detection and Identification of Peptide Products
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
WADA-sponsored analytical work has documented mislabeled performance-enhancing peptide products, including a vial labeled HGH Frag 176-191 that contained a different peptide. This illustrates product-identity risk rather than the safety of authentic material.
View in Study DatabaseWADA Research on Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (Including Long R3 IGF-I)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
WADA-funded research specifically addresses analytical detection of IGF-I and Long R3 IGF-I in anti-doping testing. This is anti-doping analytical methodology, not a human administration, efficacy, or safety study.
View in Study Database168-week Barth Extension
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
168-week open-label extension in Barth syndrome. Accelerated approval relied on descriptive improvement in knee-extensor muscle strength observed during this extension, not a positive randomized primary endpoint.
View in Study Database5MQ Antiproliferative Activity in HeLa Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cell studies reported antiproliferative activity of 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium-related compounds in cervical-cancer (HeLa) cells. This is preclinical cell evidence and does not establish that 5-Amino-1MQ prevents or treats cancer in humans.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026AOD-9604
AOD-9604 Development Summary
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
An independent summary of AOD-9604's development program, consistent with FDA's conclusion that the sponsor's human obesity program did not establish efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Attenuation of GH Response During 16 Weeks of Hexarelin
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Twice-daily subcutaneous hexarelin over 16 weeks produced a progressively attenuated GH response; the response recovered after treatment stopped, indicating partial and reversible desensitization.
View in Study DatabaseBarth Syndrome Phase 2/3 and Extension
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Pivotal randomized crossover phase in Barth syndrome did not show superiority over placebo for six-minute walk distance or Barth Syndrome Symptom Assessment fatigue score. Local administration reactions: any reaction 100% (elamipretide) vs 67% (placebo); injection-site erythema 100% vs 25%; injection-site pain 75% vs 42%.
View in Study DatabaseBPC-157 for Acute Hamstring Strain
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
A registered 2026 trial is designed to investigate BPC-157 for acute grade-II hamstring injury. Registration or recruitment status does not establish safety or effectiveness and should not be reported as a positive result.
View in Study DatabaseBPC-157 Musculoskeletal Evidence Review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A 2026 review of BPC-157 musculoskeletal evidence found that human clinical evidence remains limited to small, uncontrolled, or retrospective reports and does not establish that BPC-157 heals tendons, ligaments, muscle, or cartilage in humans.
View in Study DatabaseBPC-157 Translational Development Barriers
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A 2026 review of BPC-157 translational development barriers found that much of the historical preclinical literature originates from a limited investigator network, and that formulation, replication, and translation to human trials remain significant unresolved barriers.
View in Study DatabaseCardiovascular effects of VIP in healthy subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A human physiology study characterized cardiovascular effects of VIP in healthy subjects, part of the foundational evidence for VIP's vasodilatory and secretory safety signal (hypotension, tachycardia).
View in Study DatabaseDose-Dependent Effects of GHRP-2 on Food Intake and GH
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized crossover study in lean and obese participants found dose-dependent increases in food intake and GH secretion after GHRP-2.
View in Study DatabaseDSIP and insomnia report
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
An older report on DSIP and insomnia, part of the small, heterogeneous, poorly controlled literature FDA found inadequate to establish effectiveness for chronic insomnia.
View in Study DatabaseGHK-Cu and Extracellular Matrix in Wounds
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Preclinical work on GHK-Cu and extracellular-matrix remodeling in wound biology. Mechanistic/preclinical only -- does not establish a human treatment effect.
View in Study DatabaseGHK-Cu MMP/TIMP Modulation in Fibroblasts
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In vitro fibroblast work reporting GHK-Cu modulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (MMP/TIMP). Mechanistic/preclinical only -- does not establish a human treatment effect.
View in Study DatabaseGHRP-2 and Endocrine Axes in Critical Illness
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Experimental study of combined endocrine stimulation with GHRP-2 in critically ill patients.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026GHRP-6
GHRP-6 Provocative Testing in Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GHRP-6, alone or combined with GHRH, studied as a provocative test for GH reserve in adult GHD; used alone it showed high specificity but limited sensitivity.
View in Study DatabaseInhaled VIP in pulmonary sarcoidosis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
An open Phase 2 study in 20 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis used inhaled VIP for four weeks and reported changes in inflammatory or immunoregulatory markers. The study was small, uncontrolled, and not designed to establish definitive improvement in symptoms, lung function, hospitalization, organ damage, or survival.
View in Study DatabaseIntranasal Oxytocin for Adult Autism
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin in adults with autism did not establish a reliable general treatment effect on core social symptoms.
View in Study DatabaseIntranasal Oxytocin for Female Sexual Dysfunction
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A randomized crossover trial in women with sexual dysfunction found improvements with both intranasal oxytocin and placebo, with no significant treatment effect.
View in Study DatabaseIntranasal Oxytocin in Couples
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small couples study of intranasal oxytocin found limited context-specific changes but no improvement in classic sexual-function measures.
View in Study DatabaseIntranasal Oxytocin in Healthy Men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A laboratory study in healthy men generally did not show reliable improvement in sexual drive, arousal, erection, or orgasm after intranasal oxytocin.
View in Study DatabaseIntranasal Oxytocin in Healthy Women
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A laboratory study in healthy women generally did not show reliable improvement in sexual drive, arousal, lubrication, or orgasm after intranasal oxytocin.
View in Study DatabaseIntranasal Oxytocin in Pediatric Autism
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A Phase 2 randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin in pediatric autism did not establish a reliable general treatment effect on core social symptoms.
View in Study DatabaseMOTS-c and Insulin Sensitivity
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Observational study reporting associations between circulating MOTS-c and insulin sensitivity, glucose, HbA1c, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Associations do not establish causation or treatment efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseMOTS-c Nuclear Translocation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Under metabolic stress, endogenous MOTS-c can translocate to the nucleus and alter nuclear gene expression.
View in Study DatabaseNNMT Inhibition in Bladder Cancer Models
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cell and mouse research examined NNMT inhibition in bladder-cancer tumor-microenvironment models, reporting antiproliferative or immunotherapy-sensitizing effects. These results remain preclinical and must not be presented as evidence that 5-Amino-1MQ treats cancer in humans.
View in Study DatabaseNNMT Inhibition in Kidney Fibrosis Models
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Preclinical studies evaluated NNMT inhibition in kidney-fibrosis models and reported reduced senescence or fibrosis markers. These models do not prove treatment of chronic kidney disease or other fibrotic conditions in humans.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026GHRP-6
Nocturnal GHRP-6 Effects on GH, ACTH, Cortisol, and Sleep
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Repeated nocturnal intravenous GHRP-6 increased GH, ACTH, and cortisol; stage-2 sleep increased while slow-wave sleep was not improved.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Nocturnal Hexarelin Effects on Hormones and Sleep
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Repetitive nocturnal hexarelin increased GH, ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin but decreased stage-4 sleep and EEG delta power.
View in Study DatabasePituitary and Adrenal Responses to GHRP-2
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human endocrine study characterizing pituitary and adrenal-axis responses to GHRP-2, consistent with non-selective endocrine spillover beyond GH release.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Hexarelin (Examorelin)
PubChem Examorelin / Hexarelin Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem identity record for hexarelin (examorelin), a synthetic six-amino-acid peptidyl growth-hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor agonist, a modified GHRP-family compound containing non-natural amino-acid residues.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026GHRP-6
PubChem GHRP-6 Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem identity record for GHRP-6, a synthetic six-amino-acid growth-hormone-releasing peptide containing non-natural D-amino-acid residues and acting as a ghrelin/growth-hormone-secretagogue-receptor agonist.
View in Study DatabasePubChem Pralmorelin / GHRP-2 Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem identity record for pralmorelin (GHRP-2), a synthetic six-residue growth-hormone-releasing peptide containing non-natural amino-acid residues and acting primarily at the ghrelin/growth-hormone-secretagogue receptor.
View in Study DatabaseRecombinant Thymosin Beta-4 in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
A registered trial of recombinant full-length thymosin beta-4 in acute myocardial infarction. Molecule-specific -- not TB-500 fragment evidence.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Repeated Hexarelin Administration and GH Response
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Repeated-dose experiment reporting interval-dependent reductions in GH response and loss of acute synergy with GHRH after repeated hexarelin administration.
View in Study DatabaseRGN-259 Dry Eye Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
An ophthalmic dry-eye trial of RGN-259, a full-length-thymosin-beta-4-based investigational formulation. Route-, formulation-, indication-, and molecule-specific -- does not validate injectable TB-500 for tendon, ligament, muscle, or systemic repair.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026GHRP-6
Route-Dependent Endocrine and Sleep Effects of GHRP-6
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Route-comparison study showing that GHRP-6 endocrine and sleep effects depend on the route and pattern of administration.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026AOD-9604
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A 2026 review of approved and unapproved peptide therapies situates AOD-9604 among unapproved peptides lacking established human efficacy, consistent with FDA's findings.
View in Study DatabaseLast reviewed 2026Liraglutide
SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
3,731 adults without diabetes were randomized to liraglutide 3.0 mg or placebo with lifestyle intervention for 56 weeks. Mean weight loss was approximately 8.4 kg with liraglutide versus 2.8 kg with placebo; more liraglutide-treated participants achieved at least 5% and more than 10% weight loss. These are group averages under a controlled trial and do not guarantee individual results.
View in Study DatabaseSelank and phenazepam combination study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small older Russian study examined Selank combined with phenazepam. Same limitations as the other small Selank studies: small samples, limited methodological detail, uncertain formulation identity, short follow-up, no independent replication, no FDA-reviewed efficacy program.
View in Study DatabaseSelank compared with phenazepam
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small older Russian study compared intranasal Selank with phenazepam and described possible differences in sedation or cognition alongside anxiety-related effects. Same limitations as the other small Selank studies: small samples, limited methodological detail, uncertain formulation identity, short follow-up, no independent replication.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin Beta-4 and Venous Ulcers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A human study of full-length 43-amino-acid thymosin beta-4 in venous ulcers. This concerns a different molecule and formulation than the marketed TB-500 fragment and does not validate TB-500 efficacy, safety, or dosing.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin Beta-4 in Pressure Ulcers
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
A registered trial of full-length thymosin beta-4 in pressure ulcers. Molecule-specific -- not TB-500 fragment evidence.
View in Study DatabaseTopical GHK-Cu Gel for Acute Skin Wound Healing
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
A Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled split-wound study of topical GHK-Cu gel in healthy adults began in 2026 and was recruiting as of the research cutoff. No results were posted. Trial registration is not evidence of safety or effectiveness.
View in Study DatabaseTopical GHK-Cu in Diabetic Neuropathic Ulcers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A multicenter, randomized, evaluator-blinded, vehicle-controlled study of a topical glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper complex gel alongside standardized wound care reported greater closure of diabetic neuropathic plantar ulcers and fewer infections than vehicle. The evidence is old, concerns a specific topical gel and standardized wound-care protocol, and does not establish injectable efficacy or generalized healing of tendons, ligaments, muscle, joints, nerves, or surgical wounds.
View in Study DatabaseDevelopment of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Covers cagrilintide's chemical development. Full text was paywalled (403) beyond title/journal/DOI verification — do not cite specific findings from this source beyond that it exists and covers chemical development.
View in Study Database2026 World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
WADA lists growth-hormone-releasing factors and secretagogues, including CJC-1295, sermorelin, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, and examorelin/hexarelin, as prohibited in sport.
View in Study Database2026 World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The prohibited list includes IGF-1 and its analogues and mechano growth factors under growth factors and growth-factor modulators.
View in Study Database2026ACE-031
2026 World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List (ActRIIB Competitors)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The 2026 WADA Prohibited List explicitly includes activin receptor IIB competitors, such as decoy activin receptors, with ACE-031 given as a named example. Anti-doping prohibition is separate from FDA approval and clinical efficacy.
View in Study Database2026Somatropin
2026 World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List (Growth Hormone)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The 2026 WADA Prohibited List prohibits growth hormone and related substances at all times in sport. A legitimate prescription does not automatically permit use in sport without the applicable therapeutic-use-exemption process; WADA status is separate from FDA approval and ordinary clinical prescribing.
View in Study Database2026Orexin A
503A Bulk Drug Substances Categories, Updated May 14, 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Neither Orexin A nor Orexin B was identified as a current individually evaluated substance in the reviewed FDA 503A bulk-substance category list or FDA significant-safety-risk table as of this update. Absence from those lists is not approval, a safety determination, or authorization to compound.
View in Study Database503A Bulk Drug Substances Categories, Updated May 14, 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Thymalin was not identified on the reviewed current FDA 503A or 503B bulk-substance category lists or FDA peptide safety table; Cibinetide (ARA-290) is listed in Category 3, meaning it was nominated without adequate support for FDA evaluation. Absence from those lists, or Category 3 status, is not approval, a safety determination, or authorization to compound, and Category 3 is not the Category 1 pathway under which FDA described interim enforcement discretion.
View in Study DatabaseA Phase 1, Open-Label, Single and Multiple Dose Study of Eloralintide, and Eloralintide With Tirzepatide
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only. Contains genuine eloralintide-monotherapy arms (Cohorts E-F) alongside combination arms, but no results have been posted. Any future combination-arm result must not be used to support an eloralintide monotherapy claim.
View in Study DatabaseA Phase 2, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate Weight Management With LY3841136 and Tirzepatide
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only, distinct from the Phase 1 combination PK study (NCT06916065). No results posted. Any future combination-arm result must not be used to support an eloralintide monotherapy claim, and no tirzepatide-arm data from this trial may be used to describe eloralintide.
View in Study Database2026VK2735
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 78-Week Efficacy and Safety Study of VK2735 Administered Subcutaneously for Weight Management (VANQUISH-1)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: active, not recruiting; no results yet. An earlier reference to a different ClinicalTrials.gov identifier for this trial was incorrect and has been corrected; NCT07104500 is the verified VANQUISH-1 registration.
View in Study Database2026Ecnoglutide
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2b Study of Weekly Oral Ecnoglutide (VRB-101) in Participants Who Have Obesity or Overweight With Weight-Related Comorbidities (EVOLVE-2)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: enrollment complete, results not yet published as of this review. Sponsor: Verdiva Bio Dev Limited (licensee of oral ecnoglutide/XW004 outside Greater China/South Korea, referred to as VRB-101). No efficacy claim can currently be supported from this trial.
View in Study DatabaseA review of survodutide: a new dual acting agonist
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
General review of survodutide's mechanism and development.
View in Study DatabaseA Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of Oral Glutathione Bioavailability and Safety in Humans: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind crossover pilot comparing micellar, standard, and liposomal oral formulations. Supports formulation-dependent changes in whole-blood GSH and related metabolites. Very small pilot; industry R&D affiliation reported in the PubMed record; does not prove health or cosmetic outcomes.
View in Study DatabaseAcetyl octapeptide-3 compound record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem identifies acetyl octapeptide-3 and reports its sequence-related name and molecular formula.
View in Study DatabaseAdvisory Panel Vote on BPC-157
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesReview Article / Secondary Source
On July 23, 2026, the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8-6 with one abstention to recommend possible 503A-list inclusion for BPC-157. The vote was advisory and nonbinding and did not create FDA approval, establish safety or effectiveness, or authorize a consumer product.
View in Study Database2026Amycretin
AMAZE-1: Phase 3 trial of zenagamtide (amycretin) in obesity
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: Phase 3 obesity program registered, no results yet.
View in Study Database2026Amycretin
AMAZE-12: Phase 3 trial of zenagamtide (amycretin) for weight maintenance
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: Phase 3 weight-maintenance program registered, no results yet.
View in Study DatabaseBulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act — Category 1 Update
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Non-injectable GHK-Cu under evaluation; injectable route excluded from this Category 1 entry.
View in Study Database2026AOD-9604
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA lists AOD-9604 among bulk substances for which compounded drug use may present significant safety risks and notes serious adverse events that may be associated with AOD-9604, while stating causality is not clear. This is a regulatory safety signal and not proof of a specific causal toxicity mechanism.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current FDA statement specific to injectable GHK-Cu.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current FDA summary of ipamorelin compounding and safety concerns.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA states that compounded Kisspeptin-10 may pose immunogenicity and peptide-characterization risks and that safety information for proposed routes is absent or limited. The same FDA page separately flags Epitalon and emideltide/DSIP for substantial safety-information gaps in compounded use.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
No human exposure data identified by FDA.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Exact-fragment identity and current human-data/safety statement.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — BPC-157
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA identifies route-dependent immunogenicity, peptide-impurity, API-characterization, and insufficient safety-information concerns.
View in Study DatabaseFDA. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. Reviewed 2026-07-19.
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — CJC-1295
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA states that compounded CJC-1295 may present immunogenicity and impurity-characterization concerns and that available clinical data are limited.
View in Study DatabaseCertain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — GHRP-2
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA identifies immunogenicity and peptide-characterization concerns for compounded injectable and nasal GHRP-2.
View in Study Database2026GHRP-6
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks — GHRP-6
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA identifies limited safety information and immunogenicity/impurity concerns for compounded GHRP-6.
View in Study DatabaseCIBINETIDE / ARA-290 substance record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA GSRS identifies ARA-290 and cibinetide as synonyms for the same 11-amino-acid peptide. FDA states that UNII availability does not imply regulatory review or approval.
View in Study DatabaseFDA UNII: 9W5677JKDA. FDA URL: https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/9W5677JKDA
2026Ecnoglutide
Ecnoglutide (XW003) approved by China's NMPA for chronic weight management
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Sciwind Biosciences announced NMPA approval of ecnoglutide injection (XW003) for chronic weight management, March 6, 2026, alongside a February 2026 exclusive China commercialization agreement with Pfizer (Sciwind remains marketing authorization holder). Independently corroborated by multiple trade-press outlets. A primary NMPA/CDE database record was not directly obtained for this review -- classified as high-confidence secondary regulatory confirmation, not primary-regulator-confirmed. No approval was identified in the verified searches used for this review for the United States or European Union.
View in Study Database2026Ecnoglutide
Ecnoglutide (XW003) approved by China's NMPA for type 2 diabetes
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Sciwind Biosciences announced NMPA approval of ecnoglutide injection (XW003) for type 2 diabetes, January 2026. Independently corroborated by multiple trade-press outlets (BioPharm International, Bioworld, Pharmaceutical Technology). A primary NMPA/CDE database record was not directly obtained for this review -- classified as high-confidence secondary regulatory confirmation, not primary-regulator-confirmed.
View in Study Database2026Ecnoglutide
Efficacy and safety of cAMP signalling-biased GLP-1 analogue ecnoglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (EECOH-1): a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
This is the pivotal trial underlying ecnoglutide's January 2026 China NMPA approval for type 2 diabetes. Significant HbA1c reduction from baseline vs placebo at both doses.
View in Study Database2026Amycretin
Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral zenagamtide, a novel unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Companion oral-route paper to the SC T2D trial, describing zenagamtide/amycretin as a unimolecular peptide agonist of the GLP-1, amylin, and calcitonin receptors. HbA1c reduced by 0.9 percentage points (6mg, ETD vs placebo -0.5%, p=0.033) to 1.4 percentage points (50mg, ETD -1.09%, p<0.0001) from a baseline of approximately 7.9-8.1% at week 36.
View in Study Database2026Amycretin
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly subcutaneous zenagamtide, a novel unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Explicitly describes zenagamtide/amycretin as a unimolecular agonist of the GLP-1, amylin, AND calcitonin receptors (a triple-receptor mechanism, correcting the dual GLP-1/amylin framing used in earlier literature). HbA1c reduced by 0.9 percentage points (0.4mg dose) to 1.7 percentage points (40mg dose) from a baseline of 7.8%, versus placebo, at week 36 -- clinically meaningful and statistically significant at all tested doses.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Phase 3 monotherapy evidence in type 2 diabetes confirms clinically important glycaemic and body-weight effects while retatrutide remains under development.
View in Study DatabaseEloralintide, a selective, long-acting amylin receptor agonist for treatment of obesity: Phase 1 proof of concept
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Placebo-adjusted weight loss of 2.6%-11.3%, dose-dependent. Dose-proportional pharmacokinetics (AUC and Cmax ratios of dose-normalised geometric means of 1.1 and 1.0 at week 12); no absolute numeric half-life, Tmax, or Cmax values independently confirmed.
View in Study DatabaseFDA 503A Bulk Drug Substances Categories, Updated May 14, 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Cardiogen, Cortagen, Pinealon, and Vesugen were not identified in FDA's current 503A nominated bulk-drug-substance category document, updated May 14, 2026. Absence from that document is not approval, a safety determination, or authorization to compound.
View in Study DatabaseFDA 503A Bulk Drug Substances Categories, Updated May 14, 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
As of the May 14, 2026 list, GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 are both Category 1 substances under FDA evaluation for the 503A Bulks List. Category 1 status is not FDA approval and does not establish a finding of safety or effectiveness or automatic authorization to compound.
View in Study Database2026Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
FDA 503A Bulk Drug Substances Categories, Updated May 14, 2026 (Mechano Growth Factor, Category 3)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's May 14, 2026 503A bulk drug substance category document places Mechano Growth Factor in Category 3, meaning it was nominated without adequate support. Category 3 is not FDA approval, is not inclusion on the 503A Bulks List, is not Category 1 status, and does not establish compounding eligibility, safety, or effectiveness.
View in Study DatabaseFDA advisers recommend relaxing U.S. rules on compounding peptides
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesReview Article / Secondary Source
On July 24, 2026, the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee reportedly voted to recommend possible 503A-list inclusion of Semax. The recommendation was advisory and nonbinding and did not make Semax FDA approved, establish an indication, prove safety or effectiveness, or create an approved dosing regimen.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Advisory Panel Vote on MOTS-c
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesReview Article / Secondary Source
On July 23-24, 2026, the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 7 yes, 5 no, with 2 abstentions to recommend MOTS-c for possible inclusion on the 503A Bulks List, disagreeing with FDA staff's prior recommendation to exclude it. The vote was advisory and nonbinding and did not create FDA approval, an approved indication, or a final 503A-list determination for MOTS-c.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Advisory Panel Vote on Unapproved Peptides
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesReview Article / Secondary Source
On July 23, 2026, the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8-6 with one abstention to recommend possible 503A-list inclusion for TB-500, KPV, and BPC-157. The vote was advisory and nonbinding and did not create FDA approval or an approved indication for any of the substances.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Briefing Document — Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting, July 23–24, 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Staff proposal pending advisory process.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Briefing Document — Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting, July 23–24, 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Staff proposal pending advisory process.
View in Study DatabaseFDA briefing document for Epitalon-related bulk drug substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA distinguishes synthetic Epitalon, the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, from Epithalamin, a pineal polypeptide complex. FDA reported insufficient clinical safety and effectiveness information for proposed compounded use and identified theoretical concerns related to telomerase and carcinogenic risk.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Vasoactive intestinal peptide appears in FDA's 503A Category 1 list of bulk substances under evaluation. Category 1 means a nomination contains sufficient information for continued evaluation while policy is pending. It does not mean FDA has approved the substance, found it safe and effective, or authorized a finished drug or dosing regimen.
View in Study DatabaseFDA evaluation of BPC-157-related bulk drug substances for the 503A Bulks List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA found BPC-157 insufficiently characterized, found insufficient evidence of effectiveness for ulcerative colitis, and proposed that free base and acetate not be added to the 503A Bulks List.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Briefing Document: BPC-157-related bulk drug substances. May 11, 2026.
FDA Evaluation of Emideltide-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's 2026 scientific evaluation of emideltide/DSIP considered chronic insomnia, narcolepsy, and opioid withdrawal and concluded the evidence was preliminary, inconsistent, poorly controlled, and inadequate to establish effectiveness. FDA also identified inconsistent naming and nomination of both free-base and acetate forms, inadequate characterization, no subcutaneous safety data, limited human exposure information, and unresolved immunogenicity, aggregation, and impurity concerns.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Evaluation of KPV-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's May 2026 evaluation of KPV free base and acetate for the 503A Bulks List found inadequate physicochemical and quality characterization, inconsistent naming, no identified human administration data, no clinical evidence for wound healing or inflammatory conditions, no human pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic studies, insufficient clinical and nonclinical safety information, and unresolved immunogenicity and aggregation concerns.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Evaluation of Semax-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's 2026 Semax evaluation identified inconsistent naming, inadequate characterization, missing information on impurities, aggregates, endotoxin and bioburden, limited human safety data, no identified human pharmacokinetic data, and potential immunogenicity for intranasal and injectable use. FDA staff concluded evidence was insufficient for cerebral ischemia, migraine, and trigeminal neuralgia and recommended against 503A-list inclusion. FDA also identified a possible antithrombotic effect and theoretical bleeding risk.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Evaluation of TB-500-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's May 2026 evaluation of TB-500 free base and acetate for the 503A Bulks List found inconsistent identity and naming, inadequate physicochemical/quality characterization, no identified human administration data, no identified in-vivo pharmacologic wound-healing study, an in-vitro fibroblast scratch assay in which TB-500 did not significantly improve wound closure at the tested concentration, no adequate nonclinical toxicology, and immunogenicity/aggregation/impurity/sterility/endotoxin concerns.
View in Study DatabaseFDA GSRS 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's GSRS identifies the 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium ion as a distinct substance record, separate from its iodide and chloride salt forms.
View in Study DatabaseFDA July 2026 PCAC MOTS-c Evaluation
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
At the July 23-24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting, FDA proposed that MOTS-c free base and MOTS-c acetate not be included on the 503A Bulks List, citing inadequate physical/chemical characterization, inconsistent naming and salt/derivative identity, lack of evidence supporting nominated uses, no identified human exposure data for drug products containing MOTS-c administered by any route, lack of clinical/nonclinical safety information, and unresolved immunogenicity risk. This is a proposal in the 503A review process, not a broader criminal-law or scheduling determination.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Orphan Drug Designation Record for Aviptadil
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Aviptadil has received orphan-drug designation for sarcoidosis. Orphan designation is not FDA approval and does not establish safety or effectiveness.
View in Study Database2026Orexin A
FDA Orphan Drug Designation: oveporexton (TAK-861) for narcolepsy type 1
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) record (grid key 1121625) lists an orphan-drug designation for oveporexton (sponsor: Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.), designated March 2, 2026, for the orphan designation "treatment of narcolepsy type 1 (narcolepsy with cataplexy)." Status: Designated. FDA orphan approval status: Not FDA Approved for Orphan Indication. Orphan designation is not marketing approval. This record concerns oveporexton, not native Orexin A.
View in Study DatabaseFDA reminds compounders not to use dietary supplement grade glutathione for injectables
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA reported at least 30 patients with adverse events after IV glutathione (alone or in combinations) from compounded products using dietary-supplement-grade glutathione, including fever, chills, pain, dizziness, and shock/sepsis-like symptoms, with some hospitalizations. FDA associated the cluster with inappropriate injectable ingredient quality and endotoxin risk, and warned compounders against using dietary-supplement-grade material for injectable drugs. This is a product-quality/route signal, not proof that pure glutathione intrinsically causes these events.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Significant Safety Risks for Certain Compounded Bulk Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA separately identifies Selank acetate among compounded substances that may present significant safety risks because of potential immunogenicity, aggregation, peptide-related impurities, and limited safety information.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Substance Registration System: LONG-(ARG3)INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The FDA substance registry identifies LONG-(ARG3)INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I under UNII M9L22Y19H9 and CAS 143045-27-6.
View in Study DatabaseFDA summary of identified safety risks for compounded cathelicidin LL-37
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA states that compounded cathelicidin LL-37 may pose immunogenicity and peptide-impurity/API-characterization risks and that safety information is insufficient for proposed routes.
View in Study DatabaseFDA summary of safety risks associated with compounded Epitalon
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA states that compounded Epitalon may pose immunogenicity risk from aggregation or peptide-related impurities and that sufficient route-specific human safety information has not been identified.
View in Study DatabaseFDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA states retatrutide is not an FDA-approved drug and cannot be used in compounding under federal law because it is not a component of an FDA-approved drug and has not been found safe and effective for any condition.
View in Study DatabaseGenoGenix LLC Warning Letter — 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide compounding eligibility
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The letter addresses 503B eligibility and manufacturing/compliance findings; it is not evidence of efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseFDA. GenoGenix LLC Warning Letter, January 20, 2026.
July 23-24, 2026 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — Meeting Materials
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official meeting materials confirming formal PCAC consideration of Semax free base and Semax acetate for possible 503A Bulks List inclusion on July 23-24, 2026. Committee advice recorded here is non-binding and is not a final FDA action.
View in Study DatabaseJuly 23-24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — Meeting Materials
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA meeting materials state that emideltide/DSIP free base and acetate are not components of an FDA-approved drug and were evaluated for proposed sleep-disorder and opioid-withdrawal uses. The July 2026 advisory process did not convert DSIP into an FDA-approved drug.
View in Study DatabaseJuly 23-24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting page
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The meeting was scheduled after the MitoCore research review date, so no final committee vote or post-meeting FDA action was available for this pack.
View in Study DatabaseFDA advisory committee calendar. July 23-24, 2026 PCAC meeting.
2026Bronchogen
MitoCore Batch 9 human-clinical-evidence literature search audit
MitoCore Editorial Search Auditseditorial_search_audit
MitoCore-performed literature search (PubMed/PMC) for adequate human clinical trial or controlled human-outcome data for Bronchogen (AEDL), Testagen (KEDG), Chonluten (EDG), Prostamax (KEDP), and Ovagen (EDL). For each of these five subjects, the complete indexed source set located in the Batch 9 research pass and reconciliation is limited to cell, tissue, animal, or review-level sources -- no randomized, controlled, or otherwise adequate human clinical trial was located for any of the five. This is a MitoCore editorial search-audit record documenting an absence result across the existing source set for these five subjects; it is not itself a clinical trial, primary study, or regulatory approval document.
View in Study DatabaseMitoCore internal editorial record — no external link
2026PNC-27
MitoCore Batch 9 regulatory search: FDA approval status and ClinicalTrials.gov registration check
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Direct search performed 2026-08-17 for FDA drug-approval status and ClinicalTrials.gov interventional-trial registration for PNC-27, Pancragen, Bronchogen, Testagen, Chonluten, Prostamax, Ovagen, and N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate (Ac-AEDG-NH2), including known aliases and sequence names. No FDA-approved drug product was identified for any of the eight compounds. No registered ClinicalTrials.gov interventional trial was identified for any of the eight compounds. All eight are marketed exclusively through peptide/research-chemical vendors as research-use-only products, not as approved medicines. Absence from these searches is not itself a formal FDA determination and does not establish safety or ineffectiveness -- it establishes only that no approval or registered trial was located in this search pass.
View in Study Database2026Gastrin
MitoCore Editorial Search Audit -- Current US Pentagastrin Marketing Status
MitoCore Editorial Search Auditseditorial_search_audit
Direct search against DrugBank and NCATS Inxight Drugs found no currently marketed US pentagastrin product (brand or generic); available for research purposes from chemical suppliers only.
View in Study DatabaseMitoCore internal editorial record — no external link
2026Gastrin
MitoCore Editorial Search Audit -- Pentagastrin Sequence/Structure Verification
MitoCore Editorial Search Auditseditorial_search_audit
Pentagastrin = N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-beta-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide (Boc-beta-Ala-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2, CAS 5534-95-2) -- a non-native beta-alanine residue coupled to the native C-terminal tetrapeptide of Gastrin (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2), confirming Pentagastrin is a synthetic fragment-analogue hybrid, not a pure unmodified natural fragment, and not full-length Gastrin-17 or Gastrin-34.
View in Study DatabaseMitoCore internal editorial record — no external link
2026N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate
MitoCore editorial search audit: no direct indexed study located for Ac-AEDG-NH2 (N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate)
MitoCore Editorial Search Auditseditorial_search_audit
A direct search (PubMed, PMC, and general web) for "Ac-AEDG-NH2", "N-acetyl epitalon amide/amidate", "N-acetyl epithalon amide", and close spelling variants located no PubMed-indexed, PMC-indexed, clinical-trial, or clearly identifiable primary therapeutic study of the exact N-terminally acetylated, C-terminally amidated analogue. Only commercial synthesis/catalog pages, vendor product documentation, and pages extrapolating parent Epitalon/AEDG findings were located. A negative search does not prove no unpublished/non-indexed experiment exists; the correct wording is that no direct indexed study was identified in this research pass, not that no study exists anywhere.
View in Study DatabaseMitoCore internal editorial record — no external link
NAD+ Anti-aging and Wellness Evidence (2026 Review)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
2026 review of NAD+ anti-aging and wellness evidence. Human trials show NR and NMN can increase measured NAD-related metabolites under some conditions, but clinical outcome benefits are inconsistent; evidence for a precursor cannot be transferred automatically to direct NAD+ injection.
View in Study DatabaseNAD+ Versus NR IV Tolerability
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
2026 retrospective real-world pilot: commercial NAD+ IV use remained poorly studied and reported tolerability problems during infusion. Authors called for adequately powered randomized placebo-controlled trials.
View in Study Database2026Orexin A
Orexin A compound record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem records Orexin A as a defined endogenous peptide compound.
View in Study Database2026Orexin B
Orexin B compound record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem records Orexin B as a defined endogenous peptide compound.
View in Study DatabasePositive data from two Phase III SYNCHRONIZE obesity trials
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The sponsor reported positive 76-week Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE obesity-program results, including significant weight loss versus placebo. These are late-stage sponsor-reported results and do not by themselves represent FDA approval or a completed independent regulatory review.
View in Study DatabasePubChem 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem CID 950107 records the 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium ion as a defined chemical entity, distinct from its iodide and chloride salt forms.
View in Study Database2026Liraglutide
Saxenda Approval Letter June 2026
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's June 2026 supplement approval letter for Saxenda (NDA 206321), confirming continued FDA approval of the finished product.
View in Study Database2026Ecnoglutide
Sciwind Biosciences "About Ecnoglutide" technical statement on XW003/XW004 formulation identity
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Sponsor technical description states: "Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a novel long-acting GLP-1 analogue... XW004 is an oral tablet formulation of ecnoglutide." This is a sponsor technical statement, not an independently verified peptide-sequence or patent disclosure -- classified as FORM_SPECIFIC_EXACT_SEQUENCE, sponsor-confirmed only.
View in Study DatabaseSurvodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Peer-reviewed publication of Phase 3 obesity trial results (SYNCHRONIZE program), superseding the previously press-release-only topline figure.
View in Study DatabaseThe 2026 Prohibited List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
BPC-157 is prohibited at all times under the 2026 WADA list.
View in Study DatabaseThe 2026 Prohibited List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
TB-500 is prohibited for athletes subject to the World Anti-Doping Code.
View in Study DatabaseTRANSCEND-T2D-1 Phase 3 topline results
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Sponsor-reported results at 40 weeks found mean HbA1c reductions of 1.7% to 2.0% and dose-related weight reduction.
View in Study DatabaseTRIUMPH-1 Phase 3 topline results in obesity or overweight
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Sponsor-reported results at 80 weeks found mean body-weight changes of -19.0%, -25.9%, and -28.3% with 4 mg, 9 mg, and 12 mg, compared with -2.2% for placebo.
View in Study Database2026Dulaglutide
TRULICITY (dulaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use — current FDA-approved Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current label indications: adjunct to diet and exercise for glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors (rodent data; human relevance unknown); contraindicated in personal/family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN 2. No FDA-approved obesity/weight-loss indication is listed on this label.
View in Study Database2026Orexin A
U.S. FDA Accepts New Drug Application and Grants Priority Review for Oveporexton (TAK-861) for Narcolepsy Type 1
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
On February 10, 2026, the FDA accepted Takeda's New Drug Application and granted Priority Review for oveporexton (TAK-861), an investigational oral OX2R-selective small-molecule orexin receptor agonist, for narcolepsy type 1. The FDA assigned a PDUFA target action date in the third quarter of 2026. Oveporexton is not Orexin A and was not FDA approved as of this review date (July 14, 2026); its NDA is supported by the phase 3 FirstLight and RadiantLight trials, which evaluated oveporexton, not native Orexin A.
View in Study Database2026VK2735
VANQUISH-2: Phase 3 study of SC VK2735 in adults with obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: no results yet. This will be the future source for any T2D-indication efficacy claim for VK2735 -- none exists yet.
View in Study DatabaseVasoactive intestinal peptide compound record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PubChem records human VIP as a defined 28-amino-acid peptide compound.
View in Study Database2026VK2735
Weekly Subcutaneous VK2735, a GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Dual Agonist, for Weight Management: Phase 2, Randomized, 13-Week VENTURE Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Dose-dependent weight loss of -9.1% (2.5mg) to -14.7% (15mg) vs -1.7% with placebo; 93% of active-arm participants achieved at least 5% weight loss versus 12% on placebo.
View in Study Database2025Testagen
2025 materials-science study of KEDG/Testagen adsorption on copper
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
Materials-science study of KEDG/Testagen adsorption behavior on copper surfaces. Identity/materials-chemistry evidence only -- NOT therapeutic efficacy evidence.
View in Study Database2025Ecnoglutide
A Phase 1, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Ecnoglutide Tablet in Healthy Adult Participants
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Registry-confirmed Phase 1 safety/tolerability/PK/PD study of the oral tablet formulation (XW004). This is a safety/PK study only; no efficacy endpoint. Sponsor technical materials describe XW004 as an oral tablet formulation of the same molecule as SC ecnoglutide (XW003), a sponsor-confirmed statement not independently verified at the peptide-sequence level for this review.
View in Study Database2025Amycretin
Amycretin, a novel, unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist administered subcutaneously: results from a phase 1b/2a randomised controlled study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Placebo-adjusted body-weight reductions ranging from approximately 9.7% (lowest dose, 20 weeks) to 24.3% (highest dose, 36 weeks). Described by the authors as a unimolecular (single-molecule) GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, supporting its identity as distinct from co-administration products.
View in Study Database2025Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II in Catecholamine-Refractory Shock: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Analysis of the ATHOS-3 Trial
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Reports an aggregate serious-adverse-event rate comparable between groups (approximately 52.6% vs 56.5%) and states overall adverse events, including thromboembolic/ischemic complications, did not differ significantly between groups.
View in Study DatabaseCoadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (REDEFINE 1)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
-20.4% weight change vs. -3.0% placebo (p<0.001); GI adverse events 79.6% vs. 39.9% placebo.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
DXA analysis found greater reduction in fat mass than lean mass, while confirming that lean mass also decreased during weight reduction.
View in Study Database2025Substance P
Effects of substance P on headache induction and arterial dilation in healthy adults
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Headache occurred in 15/21 after Substance P versus 2/21 after placebo, with higher headache-intensity AUC and vascular measurements assessed.
View in Study Database2025Ecnoglutide
Efficacy and safety of a biased GLP-1 receptor agonist ecnoglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (SLIMMER)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Up to 13.2% mean body-weight loss at week 40 vs placebo. This is the pivotal trial underlying ecnoglutide's March 6, 2026 China NMPA approval for chronic weight management.
View in Study DatabaseEGRIFTA SV- tesamorelin kit
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current formulation-specific prescribing information for EGRIFTA SV. EGRIFTA SV and EGRIFTA WR differ in strength, labeled dose, preparation, storage, and administration and are not substitutable.
View in Study DatabaseEGRIFTA WR- tesamorelin kit
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current prescribing information for the 11.6 mg-per-vial EGRIFTA WR formulation; the labeled dose is 1.28 mg subcutaneously once daily. EGRIFTA WR and EGRIFTA SV have different strengths, labeled doses, preparation, storage, and administration requirements and are not substitutable.
View in Study DatabaseElamipretide review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Structure/mechanism/action — Summarizes cardiolipin stabilization and mitochondrial effects.
View in Study DatabaseEloralintide (LY3841136), a novel amylin receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity: From discovery to clinical proof of concept
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Eloralintide shows 12-fold selectivity for the amylin receptor over the calcitonin receptor and 11-fold over AMY3R in human in vitro assays -- a SELECTIVE amylin-receptor agonist, distinct from dual amylin/calcitonin (DACRA-like) pharmacology. In the human Phase 1 cohort, week-4 weight reduction was 2.5% (4mg) and 4.4% (12mg) vs placebo. Qualitatively described as having fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to other amylin agonists; this is a qualitative statement only -- a specific quantitative comparator percentage against cagrilintide could not be independently verified in accessible full text and must not be published as a specific number.
View in Study DatabaseEloralintide, a selective amylin receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity: a 48-week phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Mean body-weight reductions of approximately 9% to 20% across dose/regimen arms vs 0.4% with placebo; all arms met the primary endpoint. Favorable cardiometabolic secondary effects (waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids, glycemic markers, inflammation). Responder-rate percentages (e.g. proportion achieving >=20% weight loss) were reported in Stage 2A discovery but could not be independently confirmed from accessible abstract text.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Accelerated Approval Announcement — First Treatment for Barth Syndrome
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA press announcement, September 2025: accelerated approval of Forzinity (elamipretide) as the first treatment for Barth syndrome, based on an intermediate endpoint (knee-extensor muscle strength improvement).
View in Study Database2025Dulaglutide
FDA clarifies policies for compounders as national GLP-1 supply begins to stabilize
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's compounded-GLP-1 safety and enforcement communications (adverse-event reports, counterfeit/fraudulent-product warnings, and 2026 proposals to restrict large-scale compounding on the 503B Bulks List) are directed primarily at semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide; dulaglutide was not identified as a comparable named target of these specific compounding-crackdown actions in the sources reviewed.
View in Study DatabaseForzinity Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA-approved prescribing information for Forzinity (elamipretide), revised 09/2025. Labeled indication: improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with genetically confirmed Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg. Approval based on improvement in knee-extensor muscle strength (an intermediate endpoint); continued approval may depend on verification of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.
View in Study Database2025FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI Induces Keloid Senescent Fibroblast Apoptosis
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Evaluated FOXO4-DRI in keloid-derived senescent fibroblasts. Supports experimental senescence biology but does not establish clinical treatment of keloids or wound healing.
View in Study Database2025ACE-031
Gel Electrophoretic Detection of Black Market ACE-031
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
Testing of 14 black-market products sold as ACE-031 found major identity failures; 12 contained ACVR2B-immunoreactive material, but analyses indicated full-length activin receptor IIB rather than authentic ACE-031 Fc-fusion protein.
View in Study DatabaseGHRP Kaken 100 Injection — Pralmorelin Hydrochloride Official Product Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The product is indicated in Japan for diagnosis of growth-hormone secretory deficiency.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione as a skin-lightening agent and in melasma: a systematic review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Systematic review. Found multiple oral/topical studies reporting melanin-index changes but substantial heterogeneity and mixed risk of bias; judged IV glutathione unfavorable because efficacy support is weak and safety concerns are greater.
View in Study Database2025GHRP-6
Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) hydrogel for acute kidney injury therapy via metabolic regulation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Enhanced tubular epithelial cell survival via mTOR-P70 pathway activation.
View in Study DatabaseInhaled Aviptadil Is a New Hope for Recovery of Lung Damage due to COVID-19
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial of inhaled aviptadil (both arms received standard care) reported a borderline-shorter mean time to hospital discharge (7.8 vs 10 days, P = 0.049), lower dyspnea scores at day 7, and greater CT-score improvement at day 28. Mortality was numerically lower (5.1% vs 12.2%) but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.433).
View in Study DatabaseInnovation and therapeutic focus - Annual Report 2025
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Novo Nordisk states that cagrilintide monotherapy is being advanced in the RENEW phase 3 program and cites REDEFINE 1 monotherapy data. This supports late-stage investigational status as of the research date, not approval.
View in Study DatabaseIV NAD+ in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
2025 randomized single-center study in ischemic cardiomyopathy: modest improvement in left-ventricular ejection fraction after seven days of low-dose IV NAD+ alongside standard therapy. Secondary clinical outcomes mostly nonsignificant trends. Requires independent replication; cannot support general heart-health or wellness claims.
View in Study Database2025Sclerostin
Long-term clinical and bone mineral density changes of adult patients with sclerostin deficiency due to van Buchem disease: a follow-up study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Longitudinal follow-up of adults with Van Buchem disease-associated sclerostin deficiency documenting sustained bone mineral density and clinical changes over long-term follow-up.
View in Study Database2025Maridebart cafraglutide
MARITIME-1: Phase 3 study of SC maridebart cafraglutide in adults with obesity/overweight without type 2 diabetes
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: active, not recruiting; no results yet.
View in Study Database2025Maridebart cafraglutide
MARITIME-2: Phase 3 study of SC maridebart cafraglutide in adults with obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Development-status only: active, not recruiting; no results yet. This will be a future source for T2D-indication efficacy data.
View in Study DatabaseNDA 215244 FORZINITY (elamipretide) Approval Letter
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA approved FORZINITY under accelerated approval and required confirmatory evidence to verify and describe the predicted clinical benefit.
View in Study Database2025Somatropin
NORDITROPIN Prescribing Information, 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
NORDITROPIN's 2025 FDA label includes pediatric growth hormone deficiency, Noonan syndrome, Turner syndrome, small for gestational age, idiopathic short stature, Prader-Willi syndrome, and adult growth hormone deficiency, along with contraindications and warnings specific to this product's formulation and device.
View in Study DatabaseNovo Nordisk files for FDA approval of CagriSema, the first once-weekly combination of GLP-1 and amylin analogues for weight management
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Confirms a New Drug Application for CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide) was submitted to the FDA in December 2025; decision expected in 2026. Cagrilintide is not FDA-approved as a standalone product.
View in Study Database2025Amycretin
Novo Nordisk phase 2 trial with amycretin reports significant weight loss and HbA1c reduction in type 2 diabetes (company-reported topline)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Company announcement (Nov 25, 2025) and EASD/ADA conference presentation reporting body-weight reductions of up to 14.5% (SC) and 10.1% (oral) at week 36 in the same T2D trial population. This figure has NOT been independently confirmed in the peer-reviewed publications reviewed for this project -- the peer-reviewed abstracts report HbA1c but not weight-loss figures. Treat as company-reported only, not peer-reviewed-confirmed.
View in Study Database2025Somatropin
NUTROPIN AQ Prescribing Information, Revised July 2025
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
NUTROPIN AQ's 2025 FDA label includes pediatric growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, Turner syndrome, chronic kidney disease up to renal transplantation, and adult growth hormone deficiency, along with contraindications and warnings specific to this product's formulation and device.
View in Study Database2025Maridebart cafraglutide
Once-Monthly Maridebart Cafraglutide for the Treatment of Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Reports weight-loss results under TWO estimands (ICH E9(R1) framework), and BOTH must always be labeled explicitly when cited -- never blended into one unlabeled figure. TREATMENT-POLICY (intention-to-treat) ESTIMAND: Cohort A -12.3% to -16.2% vs -2.5% placebo; Cohort B -8.4% to -12.3% vs -1.7% placebo. EFFICACY (on-treatment) ESTIMAND: Cohort A -16.3% to -19.9% vs -2.6% placebo; Cohort B -12.1% to -17% vs -1.4% placebo (this on-treatment estimand range was corroborated by secondary sources, not independently confirmed against the full NEJM text). Weight loss had not plateaued at 52 weeks. HbA1c improved by -1.2 to -1.6 percentage points in Cohort B (estimand for this HbA1c figure not confirmed -- do not pair with a specific weight-loss estimand without full-text confirmation). Anti-drug-antibody/immunogenicity was a monitored secondary endpoint; exact incidence data was not accessible for this review -- ADA_NOT_EXTRACTABLE, do not author a numeric ADA claim.
View in Study Database2025Maridebart cafraglutide
Once-Monthly Maridebart Cafraglutide in Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial (Correspondence)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
A published "To the Editor" letter raises a theoretical, hypothesis-stage scientific consideration: GIP receptors are abundant in adipose tissue and important for adipose-tissue de novo lipogenesis; moderate de novo lipogenesis in healthy adipose tissue has beneficial metabolic effects, whereas impaired adipose lipogenesis (as in lipodystrophy) is associated with harmful ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and muscle. The letter raises this as a mechanistic hypothesis about chronic GIP-receptor antagonism, NOT as a numerical or methodological critique of the Phase 2 trial's efficacy figures, and does not dispute any reported statistic. This must always be framed as theoretical/hypothesis-stage -- never as an observed adverse event or evidence of clinical lipodystrophy in any MariTide trial participant.
View in Study Database2025PACAP-38
PACAP38-induced migraine attacks are independent of CGRP signaling: a randomized controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
CGRP-ligand blockade with eptinezumab did not significantly reduce PACAP-38-induced migraine incidence, supporting partially independent PACAP signaling in this model.
View in Study Database2025PNC-27
PNC-27 activity against cervical cancer cell lines
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
PNC-27 showed cytotoxic activity against cervical cancer cell lines, extending the range of cancer models with reported activity.
View in Study DatabaseReal-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025)
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Dosing errors (19,461 reports, 8x increase 2022-2024) and injection-site reactions (19,334 reports) were the top real-world safety signals; GI events 18,018 reports.
View in Study Database2025Copeptin
Relationship between plasma urea and copeptin in response to arginine stimulation in healthy adults, patients with vasopressin deficiency and primary polydipsia
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Copeptin rises substantially by 60 minutes post-arginine in healthy adults/primary polydipsia but remains flat in AVP-deficiency patients; the arginine-associated rise in plasma urea only weakly correlates with the copeptin response (r=0.01-0.28), arguing against urea as the principal driver of the test's diagnostic signal.
View in Study Database2025Felypressin
Review of the Safety and Clinical Considerations of Vasoconstrictor Agents in Dental Anesthesia During Pregnancy
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
States that felypressin, 'a vasopressin receptor agonist with known oxytocic effects, poses a clear risk of uterine stimulation and is contraindicated during pregnancy.'
View in Study DatabaseSafety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
No adverse effects or measured biomarker changes were reported after two consecutive-day infusions.
View in Study DatabaseLee E, Burgess K. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. PMID:40131143.
2025Amycretin
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the first-in-class GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, amycretin: a first-in-human, phase 1, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
First-in-human safety/tolerability/PK/PD study covering both the SC and oral routes.
View in Study DatabaseSemax review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Neuroprotective/nootropic research — Summarizes Semax pharmacology and possible neuroprotective applications.
View in Study DatabaseSurvodutide for treatment of obesity: rationale and design of two randomized phase 3 clinical trials (SYNCHRONIZE-1 and -2)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Trial-design publication for two ongoing/completed Phase 3 obesity trials.
View in Study DatabaseSurvodutide improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: A post hoc analysis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Improved systolic/diastolic blood pressure vs. baseline (hypothesis-generating, post-hoc).
View in Study Database2025FOXO4-DRI
The Disordered p53 Transactivation Domain Is the Target of FOXO4 and FOXO4-DRI
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Recent structural work further characterized the interaction of FOXO4 and FOXO4-DRI with the disordered p53 transactivation domain. Mechanistic clarification does not establish therapeutic selectivity or human safety.
View in Study DatabaseThe efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha 1 for sepsis: TESTS randomized clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The TESTS trial found no clear evidence that thymosin alpha 1 decreased 28-day all-cause mortality.
View in Study DatabaseTRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 topline results in obesity or overweight with knee osteoarthritis
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Sponsor-reported results at 68 weeks found mean weight reduction of 26.4% with 9 mg and 28.7% with 12 mg, with improvements in WOMAC pain and physical function.
View in Study Database2025Liraglutide
Victoza Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Victoza is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes, and to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease. Saxenda's weight-management indication must not be transferred to Victoza, nor Victoza's diabetes/cardiovascular indication to Saxenda.
View in Study DatabaseVitamin B12 -- Health Professional Fact Sheet
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble cobalamin required for nervous-system function, red blood-cell formation, and DNA synthesis. Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are metabolically active forms; B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which use different active cobalamin forms. Food B12 is released from food proteins, binds haptocorrin, transfers to intrinsic factor, and is absorbed in the distal ileum. Documents megaloblastic anemia and neurological manifestations of deficiency, pernicious anemia/malabsorption risk, vegetarian/vegan risk, GI-surgery risk, and medication-associated risk. States that B12 supplementation does not appear to improve athletic performance or endurance in people with sufficient B12 status.
View in Study Database2025VK2735
VK2735 for Weight Management Phase 2 (VENTURE-Oral Dosing)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Registry-confirmed Phase 2 trial of the oral tablet formulation. A company press release (Aug 19, 2025, reiterated at ECO 2026) reports topline, NOT yet peer-reviewed results: up to 12.2% (26.6 lb) mean weight loss vs 1.3% (2.9 lb) placebo at 13 weeks; nausea 58%, vomiting 26%, discontinuation-for-adverse-event 28% (VK2735) vs 18% (placebo). This is company-reported only -- no peer-reviewed oral publication exists as of this review; do not present as peer-reviewed-confirmed.
View in Study Database2024Maridebart cafraglutide
A GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues promotes weight loss with improved metabolic parameters in preclinical and phase 1 settings
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Confirms exact molecular architecture: a fully human monoclonal antibody that is a GIP receptor ANTAGONIST, conjugated via amino-acid linkers (E384C positions) to two GLP-1 receptor AGONIST peptide analogues -- mechanistically opposite at the GIP receptor to Tirzepatide/VK2735, which are GIPR agonists. Preclinical: 11-13% weight loss over 6 weeks in monkeys. Human Phase 1: -14.5% weight change at the highest dose (420mg MAD) by day 85, durable to day 150 post-dose.
View in Study Database2024Somatropin
A Multi-center, Randomized, Positive-control, Phase 2&3 Combined Study of Y-shape Pegylated Somatropin in Prepubertal Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Completed trial (verified January 2024) comparing pegylated somatropin against Norditropin in prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency. Sponsor: Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd. Enrollment: 434 participants.
View in Study DatabaseA phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Higher rates of MASH improvement without worsening fibrosis vs. placebo.
View in Study Database2024SLU-PP-332
A Synthetic ERR Agonist Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
SLU-PP-332 increased energy expenditure and fatty-acid oxidation and reduced fat accumulation in mouse models.
View in Study Database2024Angiotensin-(1-7)
Angiotensin-(1-7) infusion in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU: a seamless phase 1-2 randomized clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Tested short-term continuous IV Ang-(1-7) for safety and efficacy in ICU COVID-19 patients.
View in Study Database2024Apelin-13
Cardiovascular and renal effects of apelin in chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized crossover study of pyroglutamated Apelin-13 showed cardiovascular/renal pharmacodynamic effects in CKD and controls.
View in Study DatabaseClinical Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Dissolving Anti-wrinkle Microneedle Patch
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A patch containing hyaluronic acid, acetyl octapeptide-3, vitamin-C derivative, and other formulation elements improved selected wrinkle endpoints.
View in Study Database2024AOD-9604
December 4, 2024 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — FDA Briefing Document
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's briefing document describes AOD-9604 free base as a 16-amino-acid peptide corresponding to hGH 177-191 with an additional N-terminal tyrosine and evaluates AOD-9604-related bulk substances for the 503A Bulks List. FDA proposed that AOD-9604 free base and acetate not be included on that list.
View in Study DatabaseEffect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Participants reported substantial symptom improvement on a Global Response Assessment after one procedure.
View in Study DatabaseLee E, et al. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(10):12-17. PMID:39325560.
2024Dihexa
Effects of an Angiotensin IV Analog on 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington Disease-Like Deficits in Rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
An AngIV analog identified as Dihexa improved selected motor and cognitive measures in a toxin-induced rat model.
View in Study Database2024Ecnoglutide
Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 analog ecnoglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
HbA1c reductions of -1.81% to -2.39% vs -0.55% with placebo (p<0.0001); 33.3% of the 1.2mg group achieved >=5% body-weight reduction vs 3.0% with placebo.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of survodutide, a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, in cirrhosis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Reduced liver fat/stiffness/volume/body weight; no PK dose adjustment needed by cirrhosis status. Drug-related adverse events ranged 25-87.5% depending on dose and cirrhosis severity.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Approval of Zepbound for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Tirzepatide), NDA 217806/S-013
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA approved supplement 217806/S-013 for Zepbound (tirzepatide) on December 20, 2024, for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity, together with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Briefing Document — Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (Ipamorelin Bulk Substances)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
No finding reported for this source yet.
View in Study Database2024HGH Fragment 176-191
FDA CJC-1295 PCAC Briefing Document
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing on CJC-1295-related bulk drug substances also documented marketplace products combining growth-hormone-fragment materials with other compounded peptides. This regulatory context does not establish an FDA-sanctioned combination product or human efficacy/safety for HGH Fragment 176-191.
View in Study Database2024AOD-9604
FDA Evaluation of AOD-9604-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's December 2024 review proposed that AOD-9604 free base and acetate not be added to the 503A Bulks List, citing inadequate physical and chemical characterization, inconsistent substance identity, lack of evidence of obesity effectiveness, limited safety information, absent human subcutaneous and transdermal data, potential immunogenicity and aggregation, peptide-related impurities, inadequate injectable endotoxin information, and nonclinical bone, liver, and equivocal genotoxicity signals.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Evaluation of CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances for the 503A Bulks List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA distinguished CJC-1295 free-base/acetate from DAC forms, documented inconsistent nomenclature, found that none are components of FDA-approved drugs, and concluded that the available criteria weighed against placement on the 503A Bulks List.
View in Study DatabaseFDA PCAC Briefing Document for Thymosin Alpha-1 Free Base and Acetate
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA's 2024 scientific review evaluated Thymosin Alpha-1 free base and acetate as distinct bulk drug substances across numerous infectious, immune, oncology, vaccine-response, and fatigue indications and concluded the evidence and safety characterization did not support adding either form to the 503A Bulks List, citing immunogenicity, aggregation/peptide-related impurities, incomplete active-ingredient characterization, and insufficient clinical safety information.
View in Study DatabaseFDA PCAC Final Summary Minutes, December 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
At the December 2024 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting, Thymosin Alpha-1 free base and acetate each received 4 votes for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List and 17 votes against, with 0 abstentions. The votes were advisory and nonbinding, not drug-approval decisions.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Final Summary Minutes — CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances (December 4, 2024)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
At the December 4, 2024 meeting, CJC-1295 DAC free base, CJC-1295 DAC acetate, and CJC-1295 DAC trifluoroacetate each received 0 votes for inclusion and 13 votes against inclusion on the 503A Bulks List.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Review of CJC-1295-Related Bulk Drug Substances
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA’s briefing evaluation concluded that the criteria weighed against placing the evaluated CJC-1295 free-base, acetate, DAC, DAC-acetate, and DAC-TFA substances on the 503A Bulks List. The advisory committee’s recommendation is non-binding and is not itself an approval or final enforcement decision.
View in Study Database2024AOD-9604
FDA review of AOD-9604-related bulk drug substances for the Section 503A Bulks List
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA described AOD-9604 as a 16-amino-acid peptide consisting of the hGH 177-191 fragment with an additional N-terminal tyrosine and identified evidence and product-characterization gaps.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Sterile Compounding Warning for NAD+
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA warned compounders that food-grade NAD+ is not suitable for sterile compounding without appropriate processing because of microbial and endotoxin risk. FDA received reports after NAD+ injectable products of severe chills, shaking, vomiting, and fatigue, with some patients requiring medical treatment; FDA stated these reactions were consistent with excessive endotoxin levels.
View in Study Database2024Somatropin
GENOTROPIN Prescribing Information, Revised August 2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
GENOTROPIN's 2024 FDA label includes pediatric growth hormone deficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, small for gestational age, Turner syndrome, idiopathic short stature, and adult growth hormone deficiency, along with contraindications and warnings specific to this product's formulation and device.
View in Study DatabaseGlucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, survodutide produced dose-dependent body-weight reduction versus placebo. Gastrointestinal adverse events were common and the study was designed for dose finding rather than regulatory approval.
View in Study Database2024GHRP-6
Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Prevented myocardial fiber loss and ventricular dilation, preserving systolic function.
View in Study Database2024Asprosin
Lack of correlation between asprosin serum levels and hyperphagic behavior in subjects with Prader-Willi Syndrome
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Asprosin levels were higher in PWS individuals with obesity than normal-weight individuals, but showed NO significant correlation with hyperphagic behavior or cardiometabolic risk factors across the whole cohort.
View in Study Database2024PNC-27
Mechanistic study of PNC-27 blockade at the p53-binding region of HDM-2 and mitochondrial membrane effects
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Mechanistic work showing PNC-27 blockade at the p53-binding region of HDM-2, with reported effects on mitochondrial membranes.
View in Study DatabaseModern INSTI-era tesamorelin analysis
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Clinical trial/review context — Supports visceral fat effects in modern antiretroviral era; notes tesamorelin is approved for this HIV indication.
View in Study DatabaseNicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition mitigates obesity and metabolic dysfunction in a sex-dependent manner
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
5A1MQ treatment limited weight and fat-mass gain and improved glucose-related measures in mice, with sex-dependent effects. The paper remains preclinical and provides no basis for a human dosing or safety recommendation.
View in Study DatabaseNovel mitochondrial-targeted peptide review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Clinical/preclinical therapeutic potential — Reviews broad SS-31/elamipretide research.
View in Study DatabaseOctober 29, 2024 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting — Vote Results
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
0 yes, 12 no, 1 abstention for both ipamorelin free base and acetate.
View in Study Database2024Somatropin
OMNITROPE (somatropin) injection, for subcutaneous use — Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Full approved indications and labeled safety profile (glucose intolerance, intracranial hypertension, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, neoplasm risk in childhood cancer survivors, Prader-Willi sudden-death reports).
View in Study DatabasePITOCIN (oxytocin injection) U.S. prescribing information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The label describes synthetic oxytocin for specified induction, stimulation, and postpartum uterotonic contexts under medical supervision.
View in Study Database2024Gonadorelin Acetate
Pulsatile gonadorelin treatment in males with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Pulsatile gonadorelin was associated with gonadotropin, testosterone, and spermatogenic responses in an observational clinical cohort.
View in Study DatabaseRYBELSUS (semaglutide) FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Approved indications, dosing, and labeled safety information for oral semaglutide (Rybelsus).
View in Study DatabaseShort Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
EDR and related short peptides partially protected induced neurons from age-associated cellular changes and influenced dendritic measures.
View in Study DatabaseSimultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
Developed and applied a UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats, with in-vitro wound-healing activity screening.
View in Study DatabaseSpotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Describes central (hypothalamic POMC/CART, NPY/AgRP) and peripheral (gastric emptying, insulin secretion) mechanisms of action.
View in Study DatabaseThe dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide: Biomarkers and pharmacological profiling for clinical candidate selection
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
~25% body-weight reduction in diet-induced-obese mice; HbA1c reduction in db/db mice.
View in Study DatabaseThe Effect of Retatrutide Once Weekly on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Kidney Outcomes in Adults Living With Obesity (TRIUMPH-Outcomes)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
TRIUMPH-Outcomes is designed to determine whether retatrutide reduces serious cardiovascular events and/or worsening kidney outcomes in adults with obesity and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or chronic kidney disease; completed cardiovascular-outcome efficacy results are not yet available.
View in Study DatabaseThe use of ARA290 for the treatment of diabetic macular edema
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current registry record; a registry listing is not evidence of completed efficacy results.
View in Study DatabaseTirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Sustained weight reduction and markedly lower progression to type 2 diabetes vs. placebo.
View in Study Database2024Orexin A
Treatment of Narcolepsy Type 1 With Orexin: A Systematic Review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
This systematic review identified three eligible human Orexin A studies. The evidence suggested changes in REM-sleep measures (decreased wake-REM transitions and total REM sleep time) but did not establish increased wake time or support routine replacement therapy. The review's own authors concluded orexin deficiency is not the only factor in narcolepsy type 1 pathophysiology. This review does not override or add evidentiary weight beyond what its three small underlying primary studies individually support, and the underlying human evidence base for Orexin A remains small.
View in Study DatabaseTriple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
At 24 weeks, mean relative liver-fat changes were -42.9%, -57.0%, -81.4%, and -82.4% with 1, 4, 8, and 12 mg, versus +0.3% with placebo.
View in Study DatabaseXcel Research LLC - 694608 - 12/10/2024
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA stated that marketed survodutide and cagrilintide products referenced in the warning letter had no FDA-approved applications in effect. The letter supports the non-equivalence of unauthorized research-market products and approved drugs.
View in Study Database0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
0.1% ophthalmic full-length thymosin beta-4 formulation.
View in Study DatabaseA Study to Test the Effect of Survodutide (BI 456906) on Cardiovascular Events in People Living With Overweight or Obesity
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The registry documents an ongoing Phase 3 cardiovascular-outcomes study of survodutide in people with overweight or obesity. Until completed and reported, it cannot establish a reduction in major cardiovascular events.
View in Study DatabaseA Study to Test Whether Survodutide (BI 456906) Helps People Living With Overweight or Obesity to Lose Weight
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
This registry documents a Phase 3 randomized trial evaluating survodutide for chronic weight management in adults with overweight or obesity. Its existence establishes late-stage investigational development but not FDA approval.
View in Study Database2023Asprosin
Asprosin promotes feeding through SK channel-dependent activation of AgRP neurons
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Asprosin activates AgRP neurons via an asprosin-Ptprd-SK3 channel mechanism, driving hyperphagia in mice.
View in Study Database2023Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke
Review Articles / Secondary Sourcesmeta_analysis
The updated Cochrane review found no clear mortality benefit and continuing uncertainty for important clinical outcomes. It provides a conservative evidence boundary against overgeneralizing positive individual trials.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide for weight management in people with type 2 diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Combination (CagriSema) HbA1c -2.2pp, weight -15.6% vs. cagrilintide alone -0.9pp/-8.1%.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study reported a higher wound-healing rate but did not show reductions in measured inflammatory cytokines or aerobic bacterial counts.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Approval of Zepbound for Chronic Weight Management (Tirzepatide), NDA 217806
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA approved NDA 217806 for Zepbound (tirzepatide) on November 8, 2023, for chronic weight management in adults meeting the approved labeling criteria, together with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.
View in Study Database2023PACAP-38
Hypersensitivity to PACAP-38 in post-traumatic headache: a randomized clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
20/21 participants developed migraine-like headache after PACAP-38 versus 2/21 after placebo.
View in Study DatabaseIntravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
TESICO found no evidence of benefit from aviptadil on the primary or secondary clinical endpoints.
View in Study DatabaseMOTS-C promising MDP review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Metabolic and aging biology — Describes nuclear regulation and age-related decline discussion.
View in Study DatabasePeptide-pro complex serum: Investigating effects on aged skin
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The proprietary serum improved selected skin-appearance endpoints in ex vivo and clinical assessments.
View in Study DatabaseRecombinant expression of IGF-1 and LR3 IGF-1 fused with collagen-binding domain in Pichia pastoris
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study separately produced human IGF-1 and Long R3 IGF-1, reinforcing that LR3 IGF-1 is an engineered analog rather than a synonym for native IGF-1.
View in Study Database2023Angiotensin-(1-7)
Renin-Angiotensin System Modulation With Synthetic Angiotensin (1-7) and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-Biased Ligand in Adults With COVID-19: Two Randomized Clinical Trials
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The TXA-127 trial met prespecified early-stopping criteria for low probability of efficacy on oxygen-free days.
View in Study DatabaseRetatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Once-weekly 0.5-12 mg for 36 weeks produced dose-related HbA1c and body-weight reductions compared with placebo; dulaglutide was an active comparator.
View in Study DatabaseSemaglutide for the treatment of obesity
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
General review of semaglutide's role in obesity treatment.
View in Study DatabaseSS-31 ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Aged mitochondria — Improved ADP sensitivity through mitochondrial mechanisms.
View in Study Database2023SLU-PP-332
Synthetic ERRα/β/γ Agonist Induces an ERRα-Dependent Acute Aerobic Exercise Response and Enhances Exercise Capacity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
SLU-PP-332 increased mitochondrial function in cells and enhanced selected endurance and oxidative-muscle endpoints in mice.
View in Study DatabaseSystematic review of NAD/NADH supplementation
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human supplementation studies — Evaluates safety and effectiveness of NAD+ and NADH as supplements in humans.
View in Study DatabaseThe antioxidant glutathione
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review of GSH/GSSG redox couple biology: glutathione peroxidases reduce peroxides using GSH as substrate; glutathione reductase regenerates GSH from GSSG using NADPH.
View in Study DatabaseThe influence of KE and EW dipeptides in the composition of Thymalin on gene expression and cytokine synthesis
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The paper defines Thymalin as a thymus-derived polypeptide extract and investigates KE and EW dipeptides as proposed active components.
View in Study DatabaseThe MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Class I evidence that elamipretide did not improve six-minute walk distance or fatigue at 24 weeks versus placebo in the broad primary mitochondrial myopathy population. A post hoc genetic-subgroup analysis suggested a possible signal in selected mtDNA maintenance/replisome disorders, but this is hypothesis-generating and requires prospective confirmation.
View in Study DatabaseTirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Mean weight reduction 13.4% (10 mg) / 15.7% (15 mg) vs. 3.3% placebo; GI-predominant adverse events, safety profile similar to other incretin therapies.
View in Study DatabaseTriple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Once-weekly 1, 4, 8, or 12 mg for 48 weeks produced dose-related weight reduction; the 12 mg group reached 24.2% mean reduction under the efficacy estimand.
View in Study DatabaseWeight loss efficiency and safety of tirzepatide: A Systematic review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Substantial weight reduction vs. placebo/other medications; GI side effects warrant monitoring.
View in Study Database2022Angiotensin-(1-7)
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded pilot study of angiotensin 1-7 (TXA-127) for the treatment of severe COVID-19
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Pilot therapeutic study directly tested synthetic Ang-(1-7) in severe COVID-19.
View in Study DatabaseClinical Usefulness of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Test for Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorder
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Combined ACTH + peak cortisol response achieved 100% specificity for pituitary adrenal insufficiency; authors recommend measuring ACTH alongside GH during testing.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Approval of Mounjaro (Tirzepatide), NDA 215866
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA approved NDA 215866 for Mounjaro (tirzepatide) on May 13, 2022, as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
View in Study DatabaseHuman antimicrobial peptide LL-37 contributes to Alzheimer's disease progression
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
This work demonstrates that LL-37 can participate in inflammatory/pathologic signaling in an Alzheimer's-disease model context, underscoring that LL-37 is immunologically active rather than a uniformly beneficial antimicrobial peptide. It does not establish clinical toxicity from therapeutic LL-37 use.
View in Study Database2022Orexin A
Intranasal orexin A modulates sympathetic vascular tone: a pilot study in healthy male humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intranasal orexin A significantly increased resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) burst rate versus placebo (+5.8 ± 0.8 vs +2.1 ± 0.6 bursts/min, P = 0.007) in a small double-blind crossover pilot study of 10 healthy men. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart-rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were not acutely altered.
View in Study Database2022Somatropin
Long-term Safety of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency: Overview of 15,809 GH-Treated Patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
No dose-correlated increase in adverse events; cancer incidence matched the general population.
View in Study DatabaseLY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: from discovery to clinical proof of concept
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Single- and multiple-ascending-dose research found a pharmacokinetic profile compatible with once-weekly administration and early signals for glucose and weight effects.
View in Study DatabaseLY3437943, a Novel Triple Glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Glycemic Control and Body Weight Reduction: From Discovery to Clinical Proof of Concept
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Established retatrutide's triple-receptor agonist identity and mechanism, with early single-dose human pharmacokinetic data.
View in Study DatabaseMOTS-C review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Mitochondrial-derived peptide biology — Summarizes mechanisms and therapeutic potential in age-related disorders.
View in Study DatabaseNAD+ infusion pilot in substance use disorder
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
SUD context — Suggests rationale for further trials; not broad proof of wellness claims.
View in Study DatabaseNeuroepigenetic review of ultrashort peptides (2022)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review discussing neuroepigenetic mechanisms proposed for ultrashort peptides, including EDR/Pinealon, in the context of gene-expression regulation.
View in Study Database2022Chonluten
Peptides regulating proliferative and inflammatory pathways in THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In-vitro work reports modulation of inflammatory/proliferative signaling in THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cell models, including Chonluten.
View in Study Database2022Copeptin
Post-pituitary surgery copeptin analysis as a 'rule-out' test for post-operative diabetes insipidus
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Copeptin >3.4 pmol/L at postoperative day 1 achieved 91% sensitivity and high negative predictive value for ruling out diabetes insipidus after pituitary surgery; specificity was more modest (approximately 55% per secondary summaries, not independently re-derived from the primary paper's own tables).
View in Study Database2022Asprosin
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta serves as the orexigenic asprosin receptor
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Identifies protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta (Ptprd) as the orexigenic receptor for asprosin in hypothalamic AgRP neurons; genetic ablation of Ptprd causes loss of appetite and resistance to asprosin's orexigenic effect.
View in Study DatabaseReduced-Calorie Diet and NNMT Inhibition in DIO Mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A mouse study found that NNMT inhibition combined with a lower-calorie diet reduced adiposity and changed the gut microbiome in diet-induced obese mice. Diet was a co-intervention, limiting attribution to NNMT inhibition alone.
View in Study DatabaseRole of NAD+ in regenerative medicine
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
NAD+ biology/aging pathways — Summarizes NAD+ roles in cellular metabolism and aging-related pathways.
View in Study Database2022Histatin-5
Salivary Histatin 5 Level in Women with Vaginal Candidiasis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Lower salivary Histatin-5 levels are significantly associated with vaginal candidiasis in reproductive-age women.
View in Study Database2022PNC-27
Structural/mechanistic study of PNC-27-HDM-2 complexes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Structural/mechanistic analysis of PNC-27-HDM-2 complexes, further characterizing the proposed membrane-binding mechanism.
View in Study DatabaseThe potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Skin/wound/aging biology — Summarizes skin remodeling, wound healing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
View in Study DatabaseThe Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The publication reported selected survival/recovery findings, but interpretation is limited by trial design, endpoints, and later larger evidence.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin alpha 1 in hospitalized COVID-19: randomized pilot study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The pilot evaluated immune and clinical outcomes but was not definitive for mortality or routine use.
View in Study DatabaseTirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Mean weight reduction of 16.0-22.5% vs. placebo, dose-dependent.
View in Study DatabaseVitamin B12 absorption and malabsorption
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
B12 absorption requires a coordinated pathway involving haptocorrin, gastric intrinsic factor, pancreatic digestion, distal-ileal uptake through the cubilin/amnionless receptor complex, and transcobalamin-mediated transport. Identifies inadequate dietary intake, pernicious anemia/intrinsic-factor deficiency, gastrectomy/bariatric surgery, ileal disease and other GI disorders as causes of deficiency or malabsorption.
View in Study Database5-AMQ LC-MS/MS Assay in Rat Plasma and Urine
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
An LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method characterized 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium exposure in rat plasma and urine. This is a bioanalytical method development study, not a safety or efficacy trial.
View in Study DatabaseA first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Single and multiple intravenous doses of recombinant full-length thymosin beta-4.
View in Study Database2021Cerebrolysin
Advanced Nutriceuticals, LLC dba The Guyer Institute of Molecular Medicine - Warning Letter
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA stated that compounded Cerebrolysin products at the cited firm did not meet conditions for section 503A exemptions and were not components of FDA-approved drugs.
View in Study Database2021Dihexa
AngIV-Analog Dihexa Rescues Cognitive Impairment and Recovers Memory in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Dihexa improved selected behavioral and neuropathologic measures in a transgenic mouse Alzheimer model.
View in Study Database2021Histatin-5
Association between Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5 Levels and Prevalence of Candida in Saliva of Patients with Down Syndrome
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Lower salivary Histatin-5 levels are associated with increased oral Candida colonization in patients with Down syndrome.
View in Study DatabaseCagrilintide Plus Semaglutide Phase 1b Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
An early controlled Phase 1b study reported greater weight reduction with co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide than with comparator arms in selected adults, including people with type 2 diabetes. Findings describe the combination and must not be attributed to cagrilintide monotherapy.
View in Study DatabaseCombination of topical and oral glutathione as a skin-whitening agent: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized controlled trial of oral placebo vs. oral glutathione, with topical placebo/glutathione applied to opposite facial sides. Some colorimetric outcomes favored combined oral + topical exposure. Small, short-term, complex design; does not establish a durable generalized effect.
View in Study DatabaseCyanocobalamin Injection, USP 1,000 mcg/mL -- Prescribing Information / Labeling
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The label identifies the active drug as cyanocobalamin, a form distinct from methylcobalamin, and indicates it for vitamin B12 deficiencies caused by malabsorption, including pernicious anemia and several gastrointestinal causes. Describes B12 transport, hepatic storage, intrinsic-factor-dependent GI absorption, and neurologic consequences of deficiency. Strong evidence that FDA-regulated B12 drug products exist -- NOT evidence that the ERP methylcobalamin product is FDA approved.
View in Study DatabaseDetection of LongR3-IGF-I, Des(1-3)-IGF-I, and R3-IGF-I using immunopurification and high resolution mass spectrometry for antidoping purposes
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Describes a mass-spectrometry method to distinguish and detect Long R3 IGF-I, Des(1-3)-IGF-I, and R3-IGF-I as analytically distinct entities for sports anti-doping testing.
View in Study DatabaseEvaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The phase 2b trial evaluated complete closure and healing outcomes; signals appeared dependent on ulcer size and did not establish broad efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseExercise-Induced Endogenous MOTS-c
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
2021 translational study: exercise induced endogenous MOTS-c expression in human skeletal muscle and circulation. This does not show that injecting synthetic MOTS-c reproduces exercise benefits.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Approval of Wegovy (Semaglutide), NDA 215256
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA approved NDA 215256 for Wegovy (semaglutide) injection on June 4, 2021, as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adults meeting the approved labeling criteria.
View in Study DatabaseIntra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Most contacted patients reported pain improvement, but outcomes were nonstandardized and the intervention was mixed in four patients.
View in Study DatabaseLee E, Padgett B. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27(4):8-13. PMID:34324435.
NNMT roles in obesity and 5-amino-1MQ
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Obesity/metabolic pathway — Summarizes 5-amino-1MQ-treated mouse findings and NNMT obesity biology.
View in Study DatabaseOnce-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight or obesity: a phase 2 trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
6.0-10.8% weight loss vs. 3.0% placebo; GI adverse events 41-63% vs. 32% placebo.
View in Study DatabaseOnce-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Substantial weight reduction vs. placebo; established the basis for the Wegovy weight-management indication.
View in Study DatabasePeptide drug Thymalin regulates immune status in severe COVID-19 older patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The report described immune-marker and clinical observations in patients receiving Thymalin as an adjunct to standard treatment.
View in Study DatabasePeptide KED: molecular-genetic aspects of neurogenesis regulation in Alzheimer disease models
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The article summarizes KED (Lys-Glu-Asp) research involving neuronal differentiation and Alzheimer disease-related models.
View in Study DatabasePeptide regulation of gene expression: a systematic review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The review summarizes proposed DNA and gene-expression effects of short peptides, including organ-labeled bioregulators.
View in Study Database2021Gonadorelin Acetate
Pituitary response to GnRH stimulation tests in different FSHB genotypes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In a retrospective diagnostic study of 67 male subjects undergoing GnRH stimulation testing, peak LH response was significantly higher in FSHB-211 TT-genotype carriers than in GT or GG carriers; stimulated FSH levels did not differ significantly by genotype in the main analysis, though a smaller time-course interaction suggested an attenuated FSH response in T-allele carriers. The study's authors cautioned that its retrospective design and small number of TT carriers warrant caution in interpretation. The study evaluated pituitary physiology and genotype-related response, not chronic treatment efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseSortilin-derived peptides promote pancreatic beta-cell survival through CREB signaling pathway
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Sortilin-derived peptides including PE 22-28 promoted beta-cell survival in experimental ischemic/stress models through CREB-associated signaling.
View in Study DatabaseSPIBA-201 Protocol: A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Elamipretide (MTP-131) in Barth Syndrome
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The protocol explicitly identifies the investigational product as 'Elamipretide (MTP-131)', establishing the development-name identity bridge and the study-specific regimen.
View in Study Database2021Terlipressin
Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome (CONFIRM trial)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Verified HRS reversal occurred in 29.1% of the terlipressin arm versus 15.8% of the placebo arm (P=0.012) — a real but moderate absolute effect. No clearly demonstrated overall-survival difference was reported between arms.
View in Study DatabaseThe Influence of Selank on the Level of Cytokines Under the Conditions of Social Stress
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In a chronic social-stress rat model, Selank administration was associated with changes in circulating cytokines, including reductions toward control values for several pro-inflammatory mediators. Supports an immunomodulatory hypothesis but is not evidence of clinical anti-inflammatory efficacy.
View in Study DatabaseThe use of Thymalin for immunocorrection and molecular aspects of its activity
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The review discusses Crystagen in immune and stress-resistance contexts and provides related identity context.
View in Study DatabaseTirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In the SURPASS-2 randomized phase 3 trial in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin, tirzepatide produced greater reductions in glycated hemoglobin and body weight than semaglutide 1 mg at 40 weeks. This supports type 2 diabetes efficacy within the studied population and regimen but does not establish benefits for unrelated wellness or investigational uses.
View in Study DatabaseVitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Methylcobalamin normalized/increased B12 status and improved several prespecified neuropathy-related measures, including vibration-perception threshold, pain score, quality of life, sural nerve conduction velocity, sural nerve action-potential amplitude, and foot electrochemical skin conductance. Cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests and the MNSI examination component did not significantly improve. Relevant to a low-B12, metformin-treated diabetic-neuropathy population -- should NOT be generalized to cognitive enhancement, energy, or neuropathy in B12-replete healthy people.
View in Study DatabaseA Phase 2 clinical trial on the use of cibinetide for the treatment of diabetic macular edema
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Small phase 2 study evaluated ocular and systemic outcomes; it was exploratory and not definitive evidence of clinical efficacy.
View in Study Database2020Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Neuropeptide Y in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
NPY showed greater MADRS improvement than placebo at 5 and 24 hours, but the prespecified 48-hour primary endpoint was not significant.
View in Study DatabaseAEDG peptide regulates human circadian rhythms genes expression during pineal gland accelerated aging
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
AEDG peptide administration was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion and normalization of circadian gene expression (Clock, Csnk1e, Cry2) in middle-aged adults with reduced pineal melatonin function.
View in Study DatabaseClinical evidence for targeting NAD therapeutically
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human clinical evidence overview — Reviews clinical NAD+ pharmacology evidence and limitations.
View in Study DatabaseEDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The review discusses EDR/Pinealon mechanisms and summarizes preclinical and limited human observations. The evidence is not comparable to modern large randomized clinical trials.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy of bioactive peptides loaded on hyaluronic acid microneedle patches: a monocentric clinical study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The multi-ingredient patch, which included acetyl octapeptide-3 and other actives, improved selected cosmetic endpoints.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Orphan Drug Designation: aviptadil for sarcoidosis
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) record (grid key 751520) lists an orphan-drug designation for aviptadil, designated July 23, 2020, for the orphan designation "Treatment of sarcoidosis." Status: Designated. FDA orphan approval status: Not FDA Approved for Orphan Indication.
View in Study Database2020Cerebrolysin
FDA Tailor Made Compounding Warning Letter
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
A 2020 FDA warning letter stated that a pharmacy's compounded Cerebrolysin products were not components of FDA-approved human drugs, were not supported by an applicable USP/NF monograph, and were not on the 503A Bulks List at that time. The letter also documented serious sterile-production deficiencies at that facility. This does not establish that every foreign authorized finished product is adulterated -- it establishes that the cited compounded U.S. products were ineligible for 503A exemptions and lacked FDA approval.
View in Study DatabaseFunctional connectomics of Selank/Semax
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Resting-state functional connectivity — Assessed effects of Selank and Semax on brain functional connectivity.
View in Study Database2020Hepcidin-25
Human Antimicrobial Peptide Hepcidin 25-Induced Apoptosis in Candida albicans
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Hepcidin-25 induces ROS-dependent, apoptosis-like killing of Candida albicans; copper binding to its ATCUN motif contributes to this antifungal activity.
View in Study DatabaseMethod development for acetyl octapeptide-3 analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Developed and applied an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying SNAP-8 in a microneedle patch.
View in Study DatabaseNCT04311697: Intravenous Aviptadil for Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory Failure
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Registry record documents the registered study design and status for intravenous aviptadil.
View in Study Database2020C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
Once-daily, subcutaneous vosoritide therapy in children with achondroplasia: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Vosoritide increased annualized growth velocity versus placebo in achondroplasia.
View in Study DatabasePeptide regulation of cell differentiation
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The review discusses AEDP and other short peptides in cell-differentiation models.
View in Study DatabaseRandomized, assessor-blinded trial comparing highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin and recombinant FSH in high responders
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Highly purified hMG and recombinant FSH produced broadly comparable efficacy in this selected ART population; differences in selected adverse and pregnancy outcomes were exploratory and regimen-specific.
View in Study Database2020Adrenomedullin
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Adrenomedullin in Healthy Males: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 1 Clinical Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Evaluated 12-hour Adrenomedullin infusion pharmacodynamics, tolerability, and safety across multiple dose groups.
View in Study DatabaseSemaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Synthesizes results across the STEP obesity trial program.
View in Study DatabaseSS-31 mitochondrial interaction landscape
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Mitochondrial proteins/cardiolipin — Maps mitochondrial interactions and clinical trial context.
View in Study Database2020Human Beta-Defensin 2
The Antimicrobial Peptide Human Beta-Defensin 2 Inhibits Biofilm Production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Without Compromising Metabolic Activity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
At nanomolar concentrations, hBD-2 significantly reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation without compromising bacterial metabolic activity.
View in Study DatabaseThe mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The peer-reviewed study explicitly identifies SS-31 as elamipretide and examines its interaction with mitochondrial-membrane lipid bilayers, supporting the SS-31 ↔ elamipretide identity bridge.
View in Study DatabaseThymalin: activation of differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Thymalin exposure was associated with changes in markers related to immune-cell differentiation.
View in Study DatabaseTirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Tirzepatide shows biased/imbalanced receptor engagement proposed to explain superior metabolic efficacy vs. selective GLP-1 agonists.
View in Study Database2020Osteocalcin
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin correlates with insulin secretion in Japanese individuals with diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) correlated positively with insulin secretion, independent of BMI, specifically among participants with diabetes mellitus. Narrow, form-specific finding: specific to undercarboxylated osteocalcin, insulin secretion (not sensitivity), and this Japanese diabetic cohort — does not establish effects for carboxylated/total osteocalcin, insulin sensitivity, other populations, or any treatment outcome.
View in Study Database2019AOD-9604
A Phase IIa study of the efficacy and safety of oral LAT8881 in neuropathic pain: protocol and development background
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The registered study plan identifies LAT8881 as Tyr-hGH177-191, formerly AOD9604, and reports six prior obesity trials involving 936 subjects, with more than 700 subjects receiving oral LAT8881. The final obesity efficacy study did not meet its primary endpoint, and development for the obesity indication ended in 2007.
View in Study DatabaseClinicalTrials.gov NCT03865953 protocol, version dated 2019-10-09.
Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two randomized phase 3 trials
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bremelanotide improved sexual desire and related distress on co-primary endpoints compared with placebo; effect sizes and discontinuation from adverse events require context.
View in Study Database2019Felypressin
Cardiovascular Comparison of 2 Types of Local Anesthesia With Vasoconstrictor in Older Adults: A Crossover Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Prilocaine-felypressin (P+FP) raised both systolic and diastolic blood pressure at all measured timepoints (P<.001) with no significant heart-rate change; lidocaine-epinephrine (L+AD) transiently raised systolic pressure, decreased diastolic pressure at 5/10 minutes, and increased heart rate ~10 bpm at all timepoints (P<.001). Authors' own framing: lidocaine-epinephrine may be preferable when a BP increase should be avoided; prilocaine-felypressin may be preferable when tachycardia is undesirable — a genuinely mixed, indication-dependent tradeoff, not a clean superiority result.
View in Study Database2019Asprosin
Circulating asprosin concentrations are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus and independently associated with fasting glucose and triglyceride
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Circulating asprosin increased in adults with T2DM, independently associated with fasting glucose and triglycerides (OR 3.278 for T2DM in top asprosin tertile, AUC 0.707).
View in Study Database2019Apelin-13
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of in vivo derived metabolites of [Pyr1]apelin-13 in humans
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Characterized intact [Pyr1]Apelin-13 and its in-vivo human metabolites; C-terminal cleavage was prominent.
View in Study DatabaseDirect IV NAD+ Metabolome Pilot
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
2019 pilot study evaluating plasma and urine metabolism during a six-hour NAD+ infusion. Not designed to prove anti-aging, energy, addiction, cognitive, or disease benefit.
View in Study Database2019Relaxin-2
Effects of Serelaxin in Patients with Acute Heart Failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
48-hour Serelaxin infusion did not reduce 180-day cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure compared with placebo.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
One-year randomized, double-blind trial found greater reduction in hepatic fat fraction and less fibrosis progression than placebo.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy of LL-37 cream for diabetic foot ulcers
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official trial registry record associated with topical LL-37 wound research.
View in Study DatabaseHigh-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Routine high-dose oxytocin did not show a broad advantage sufficient to outweigh increased hyperstimulation concerns.
View in Study DatabaseModified GRF(1-29) identified in seized products
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
Analytical (LC-MS-based) testing identified modified GRF(1-29) sequences in seized product samples marketed under CJC-1295-related names, directly illustrating the identity/naming inconsistency this page's advisory addresses.
View in Study Database2019B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
NATRECOR (nesiritide) FDA prescribing information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official FDA labeling documents Nesiritide as recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide and defines its regulated product use, warnings, and administration.
View in Study Database2019Felypressin
NZ Medsafe Data Sheet: 3% Citanest DENTAL with Octapressin
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Current NZ product datasheet (first approved 31 Dec 1969, revised 14 May 2019; full text obtained and read directly at Stage 2BR). Section 4.6: 'It is reasonable to assume that 3% Citanest DENTAL with Octapressin has been administered to a large number of pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. No specific disturbances to the reproductive process have so far been reported.' Section 4.4's only felypressin-specific caution: 'felypressin may cause a rise in blood pressure or coronary constriction if an overdose is given' (a cardiovascular-overdose caution, not a pregnancy/oxytocic one). No oxytocic/uterine-contraction language appears anywhere in the document.
View in Study DatabaseRecent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Reviews VIP physiology, receptors, and gastrointestinal actions.
View in Study Database2019Dulaglutide
REWIND: Dulaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In this multinational, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (median follow-up 5.4 years), once-weekly dulaglutide reduced the composite primary outcome of major adverse cardiovascular events (nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular or unknown causes) versus placebo (12.0% vs 13.4%; hazard ratio 0.88). All-cause mortality did not differ significantly between groups. This is the primary trial underlying dulaglutide's FDA-approved cardiovascular-risk-reduction indication.
View in Study DatabaseRole of TREK-1 in Health and Disease, Focus on the Central Nervous System
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
This review places PE 22-28 within the spadin/TREK-1 research program and describes the preclinical rationale and unresolved translation questions.
View in Study DatabaseSCENESSE (afamelanotide) Prescribing Information (2019 initial approval label)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The initial 2019 SCENESSE prescribing information summarizes two vehicle-controlled EPP trials: Study CUV039 (93 subjects) reported median pain-free direct-sunlight time over 180 days of 64.1 hours with SCENESSE versus 40.5 hours with vehicle; Study CUV029 (74 subjects) reported 6.0 hours versus 0.75 hours under a narrower recording definition. The label lists common adverse reactions (implant-site reactions, nausea, oropharyngeal pain, cough, fatigue, dizziness, skin hyperpigmentation, somnolence, melanocytic nevus, respiratory-tract infection, skin irritation), recommends twice-yearly full-body skin examinations, and states that pregnancy data are inadequate, lactation data are absent, pediatric safety/efficacy are not established, renal/hepatic pharmacokinetic effects are unknown, no drug-interaction studies were conducted, and carcinogenicity studies were not conducted.
View in Study Database2019Asprosin
Serum asprosin concentrations are increased and associated with insulin resistance in children with obesity
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Serum asprosin increased and associated with insulin resistance in children with obesity; independent cohort from the Wang 2018 adult study.
View in Study DatabaseSS-31 and aged muscle mitochondrial function
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Aging muscle — Improved mitochondrial quality and exercise tolerance in model.
View in Study DatabaseThe clinical effect of glutathione on skin color and other related skin conditions: A systematic review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Systematic review. Evidence was considered inconclusive because of study quality and inconsistent findings, although a trend toward lighter skin at some sun-exposed sites was observed.
View in Study Database2018Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
A Randomized Dose-Ranging Study of Neuropeptide Y in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study evaluated tolerability and acute anxiolytic effects after trauma-script provocation across NPY doses.
View in Study Database2018Felypressin
Australian Product Information: 3% Citanest DENTAL with Octapressin
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
AU-PI Revision 5.0, 15 November 2018 (full text obtained and read directly at Stage 2BR). Section 4.6: ADEC Pregnancy Category A; 'Medicines which have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without any proven increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the foetus having been observed.' Safety discussion is centered on prilocaine methemoglobinemia, not felypressin. The companion Consumer Medicine Information (Dec 2025, v4) states: 'Citanest DENTAL has been widely used during pregnancy and there have been no reports of any ill effects on the baby.'
View in Study DatabaseCYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) for intravenous infusion -- Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
CYANOKIT contains hydroxocobalamin and is FDA-indicated for treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning. Sharply illustrates why regulatory status must be attached to the exact cobalamin form and product: an FDA-approved hydroxocobalamin indication cannot be used to imply regulatory approval of methylcobalamin or generic "Vitamin B12."
View in Study Database2018Copeptin
Diagnostic accuracy of adding copeptin to cardiac troponin for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Human Studies & Clinical Datameta_analysis
Adding copeptin to cardiac troponin improved sensitivity and negative predictive value for NSTEMI rule-out versus troponin alone.
View in Study Database2018Desmopressin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for DDAVP Nasal Spray (Desmopressin Acetate), 2018
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
DDAVP Nasal Spray is indicated for central diabetes insipidus in adults and pediatric patients 4 years and older only; explicitly NOT indicated for primary nocturnal enuresis (removed per the 2007 FDA safety action).
View in Study Database2018Terlipressin
In vitro binding and receptor-mediated activity of terlipressin at vasopressin receptors V1 and V2
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Terlipressin itself has measurable but weak (roughly 100-fold lower binding affinity than lysine-vasopressin/AVP) direct V1/V2 receptor activity, behaving as a partial agonist — i.e. genuine, if modest, intrinsic activity, not purely inert prodrug behavior.
View in Study DatabaseIntramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The trial compared intravenous and intramuscular routes for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
View in Study DatabaseOral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Uncontrolled pilot study. Reported increases in whole-blood, erythrocyte, plasma, and PBMC GSH pools and changes in several oxidative-stress/immune markers. Very small sample; cannot establish clinical benefit.
View in Study Database2018Orexin A
Orexin A but not orexin B regulates lipid metabolism and leptin secretion in isolated porcine adipocytes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Orexin A changed several metabolic endpoints, while Orexin B did not show those effects in this model.
View in Study DatabasePeptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
Rat-brain membrane receptor-binding experiments found Selank altered radiolabeled GABA binding in a concentration-dependent manner and behaved as a positive allosteric modulator in experimental receptor-binding systems -- a mechanistic/analytical finding, not a human clinical mechanism.
View in Study Database2018Asprosin
Plasma Asprosin Concentrations Are Increased in Individuals with Glucose Dysregulation and Correlated with Insulin Resistance and First-Phase Insulin Secretion
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Plasma asprosin positively correlated with waist circumference, fasting/postprandial glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, and insulin resistance; negatively correlated with beta-cell function and first-phase insulin secretion.
View in Study Database2018Somatropin
Relative Bioavailability of a Single 4-mg Dose of Somatropin Administered Subcutaneously by Needle-Free Injection
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Needle-free vs. standard injection device were bioequivalent on AUC, though not on Cmax.
View in Study DatabaseSelective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study developed methylquinolinium NNMT inhibitors, including the 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium scaffold, and demonstrated anti-obesity effects in high-fat-diet mouse models. This establishes 5-Amino-1MQ as a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor, not a peptide.
View in Study DatabaseSelective NNMT inhibitors including 5-amino-1MQ
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Adipocyte and mouse studies — 5-amino-1MQ inhibited NNMT and reduced adiposity/metabolic markers in models.
View in Study DatabaseThe efficacy of Semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A Russian clinical report examined Semax at different stages of ischemic stroke and described BDNF-related clinical observations. Study-design limitations (small sample, older reporting standards) must remain visible; this does not establish stroke treatment efficacy.
View in Study Database2018Orexin B
The role of orexin-B/orexin 2 receptor in myocardial protection
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Orexin B/OX2 receptor signaling was associated with selected myocardial-protection endpoints in preclinical models.
View in Study Database2017Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II for the Treatment of Vasodilatory Shock (ATHOS-3)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Primary MAP-response endpoint met decisively: 69.9% (angiotensin II) vs 23.4% (placebo) achieved target blood pressure at hour 3, P<0.001, OR 7.95 (95% CI 4.76-13.3). Reduced concurrent background-catecholamine dosing; lower rate of new renal-replacement-therapy initiation (19.0% vs 32.4%).
View in Study Database2017Apelin-13
Apelin administration improves insulin sensitivity in overweight men during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Two doses of [Pyr1]Apelin-13 were tested during clamp conditions; study reported improved insulin sensitivity.
View in Study DatabaseCibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic Pain
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Cibinetide increased corneal and cutaneous small-nerve-fiber abundance in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small-fiber loss. The findings support biological activity but do not constitute approval.
View in Study Database2017Urodilatin
Effect of Ularitide on Cardiovascular Mortality in Acute Heart Failure (TRUE-AHF)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Ularitide produced favorable short-term hemodynamic effects without reducing cardiac troponin. PRIMARY LONG-TERM RESULT NEGATIVE: cardiovascular mortality 21.7% (ularitide) vs 21.0% (placebo), HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.85-1.25), P=0.75 — statistically indistinguishable from no effect. The clinical composite endpoint was also not improved.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of vascular peptide bioregulator on cerebral microcirculation in old hypertensive rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The report described changes in pial microvascular density and oxygenation after exposure to a vascular peptide bioregulator.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Approval of Ozempic (Semaglutide), NDA 209637
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA approved NDA 209637 for Ozempic (semaglutide) injection on December 5, 2017, for use as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
View in Study Database2017Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
FGF21 Is a Sugar-Induced Hormone Associated with Sweet Intake and Preference in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
FGF21-locus variant rs838133 associated with increased candy/sugar consumption, with nominal associations to alcohol intake and daily smoking, in a Danish cohort of 6,514 people.
View in Study DatabaseFunctional cumulation of influence of vascular peptide bioregulator on brain microcirculation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Repeated-course effects on cerebral microcirculation were reported in rats.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm trial (oral reduced GSH, oral GSSG, placebo). Several melanin/UV/wrinkle measures favored glutathione groups at selected sites; not every endpoint/site showed a uniform effect. No serious adverse effects reported.
View in Study Database2017ACE-031
Myostatin inhibitor ACE-031 treatment of ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
ACE-031 was studied in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The program identified pharmacodynamic muscle effects but the trial was terminated after safety findings including epistaxis and telangiectasias.
View in Study DatabasePeptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In a rat unpredictable chronic mild stress model, Selank altered anxiety-related behavior and interacted with diazepam. A rodent behavioral-pharmacology finding, not evidence of human clinical anxiolytic efficacy.
View in Study Database2017PNC-27
PNC-27 and paclitaxel synergy in ovarian cancer models
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Combining PNC-27 with paclitaxel produced synergistic cytotoxic effects in ovarian cancer models; this is preclinical combination evidence, not a validated clinical regimen.
View in Study Database2017Urodilatin
Rationale for and design of the TRUE-AHF trial: the effects of ularitide on the short-term clinical course and long-term mortality of patients with acute heart failure
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Design/rationale paper for the TRUE-AHF trial.
View in Study DatabaseShortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The paper identified PE 22-28 as a seven-amino-acid spadin fragment with high TREK-1 inhibitory potency, longer in-vivo action, antidepressant-like behavior, and neurogenesis/synaptogenesis signals in experimental models.
View in Study Database2017GHRP-6
Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Synthesizes the cytoprotective evidence for GHRP-6 and related compounds across cardiac, neuronal, GI, and hepatic tissue research.
View in Study DatabaseVitamin B12 deficiency from the perspective of a practicing hematologist
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a leading cause of megaloblastic anemia and can produce neurologic and neurocognitive manifestations. Severe deficiency commonly reflects failure of gastric or ileal absorption, classically pernicious anemia; milder deficiency may arise from food-cobalamin malabsorption or dietary inadequacy. Clinical manifestations are variable, and diagnosis should not rely on a single laboratory test.
View in Study Database2016Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and Agouti-Related Protein: Do They Play a Role in Appetite Regulation in Childhood Obesity?
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Direct plasma measurement of both alpha-MSH and AgRP in a pediatric cohort spanning underweight, healthy-weight, and obese children, assessing associations with anthropometric/nutritional markers.
View in Study Database2016Asprosin
Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Asprosin is the furin-cleaved C-terminal cleavage product of profibrillin-1, identified via two neonatal progeroid syndrome patients with truncating FBN1 mutations who were insulin-sensitive despite lipodystrophy.
View in Study Database2016Urocortin-2
Cardiovascular effects of urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 in patients with chronic heart failure and healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
UCN2 and UCN3 caused vasodilation, reduced peripheral vascular resistance, and increased cardiac output in health and disease.
View in Study DatabaseCarnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Carnitine is essential for transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane, via carnitine palmitoyltransferase I/II and carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (the carnitine shuttle), making them available for beta-oxidation. The high-affinity OCTN2 transporter mediates cellular carnitine uptake, especially in cardiac and skeletal muscle; defective OCTN2 activity reduces carnitine levels and impairs fatty-acid oxidation.
View in Study Database2016Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The CARS trial reported improved motor and global outcomes during early stroke rehabilitation with Cerebrolysin versus placebo. The study was exploratory and relatively small.
View in Study Database2016Abaloparatide
Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Abaloparatide 80mcg daily significantly reduced vertebral, nonvertebral, clinical, and major osteoporotic fracture risk and increased BMD versus placebo in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (trial: ACTIVE). This is DIRECT_ANALOGUE_EVIDENCE for Abaloparatide itself; does not cross-grade native PTHrP.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of vascular peptide bioregulator on the density of pial microvascular network in aged rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The vascular peptide bioregulator was associated with increased pial microvascular density in aged rats.
View in Study Database2016Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Efficacy and Safety of 1-Hour Infusion of Recombinant Human Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Recombinant human ANP was tested as a short infusion in acute decompensated heart failure.
View in Study Database2016Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
FGF21 Regulates Sweet and Alcohol Preference
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
FGF21 administration reduces sweet and alcohol preference in mice and sweet preference in cynomolgus monkeys, via a mechanism requiring the co-receptor beta-Klotho in the central nervous system.
View in Study DatabaseGrowth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Attenuation of Protein Kinase C-Induced Inflammation in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
GHRP-2 suppressed PKC-induced COX-2/IL-8 inflammation via p38/JNK/NF-kB inhibition.
View in Study Database2016GHRP-6
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 Enhances the Healing Process and Improves the Esthetic Outcome of the Wounds
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Prevented 90.5% of hypertrophic scarring in rabbits; accelerated wound closure in rats.
View in Study DatabaseIntravenous glutathione for skin lightening: Inadequate safety data
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
At the time of review, there were no adequate studies establishing chronic IV glutathione safety for cosmetic skin lightening.
View in Study DatabaseInvestigation of the clinical significance of the growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Achieved 88.9% specificity and 89.7% sensitivity for secondary adrenal insufficiency at a cortisol cutoff of 11.6 mcg/dL, using the same GHRP-2 diagnostic dose.
View in Study Database2016Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
KLB is associated with alcohol drinking, and its gene product beta-Klotho is necessary for FGF21 regulation of alcohol preference
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GWAS identifies beta-Klotho (KLB), the FGF21 co-receptor gene, as associated with alcohol consumption (rs11940694, P=9.2x10^-12) in humans.
View in Study DatabaseLong-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Low B12 was more common in the metformin group at 5 years, and combined low/borderline-low B12 was more common with metformin at both 5 and 13 years. Each year of metformin use was associated with higher odds of B12 deficiency. Supports metformin exposure as a clinically relevant B12-deficiency risk factor; does not show that methylcobalamin has benefits beyond correcting/preventing deficiency.
View in Study DatabaseMolecular aspects of vasoprotective peptide KED activity in aging
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The publication describes KED (Lys-Glu-Asp) as a short vasoregulatory peptide and summarizes proposed endothelial mechanisms. It does not provide modern pivotal cardiovascular-outcomes evidence.
View in Study Database2016Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Potency of Full-Length MGF to Induce Maximal Activation of the IGF-I Receptor Is Similar to Recombinant Human IGF-I at High Equimolar Concentrations
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Full-length MGF activated IGF-1 and insulin receptors at high concentrations, whereas tested short E-peptide analogues did not activate IGF-1 receptor in the same assay.
View in Study Database2016Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
Regulation of plasma agouti-related protein and its relationship with hunger in lean and obese men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A 48-hour fast raised plasma AgRP more in lean than obese men, with a decrease in leptin; postprandial AgRP reduction (2-4h after a meal) was dissociated from subjective hunger and satiety ratings.
View in Study DatabaseSelank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Neurotransmission gene expression — Selank altered expression of neurotransmission-related genes.
View in Study DatabaseSemaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Reduced major adverse cardiovascular events vs. placebo, supporting the CV risk-reduction indication.
View in Study DatabaseThe effect of vascular peptide bioregulator on cerebral microcirculation in rats of different ages
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study reported age-dependent microcirculatory changes after a course of vascular peptide bioregulator.
View in Study DatabaseThe human cathelicidin LL-37: a pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review summarizes antimicrobial membrane activity and diverse host-cell signaling effects.
View in Study Database2016Felypressin
UK Summary of Product Characteristics: Citanest with Octapressin Dental
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
UK SPC (first authorised 07/07/2006, revised 14/09/2016; full text obtained and read directly at Stage 2BR). Section 4.6, quoted verbatim: 'Although there is no evidence of harm to the foetus, as with all drugs Citanest with Octapressin Dental should not be given in early pregnancy unless the benefits are considered to outweigh the risks.' This is a general, product-level early-pregnancy caution, not felypressin-isolated and not an absolute contraindication.
View in Study Database2015Gonadorelin Acetate
Anaphylaxis to gonadorelin acetate in a girl with central precocious puberty
Human Studies & Clinical Datacase_report
In a published case report, an 8-year-old girl with central precocious puberty, previously treated uneventfully with triptorelin acetate for about six months, experienced a severe reaction -- including loss of consciousness and tonic seizures -- within approximately three minutes of an intravenous gonadorelin acetate diagnostic (LH-RH) stimulation test; the episode was clinically characterized as anaphylaxis.
View in Study DatabaseARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In type 2 diabetes with painful neuropathy, ARA-290 was associated with improvement in neuropathic symptoms and selected metabolic measures over a short trial. No major safety issue was identified, but larger confirmatory studies were required.
View in Study DatabaseCobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior to cyano- and hydroxyl-cobalamin in prevention or treatment of cobalamin deficiency
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are the coenzyme forms for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, respectively. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are common supplementation/treatment forms that undergo intracellular processing into active coenzymes. Does not support assuming methylcobalamin is generally superior to cyano- or hydroxocobalamin for prevention/treatment of ordinary cobalamin deficiency.
View in Study DatabaseDiscovery of the Once-Weekly GLP-1 Analogue Semaglutide
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Foundational discovery/medicinal-chemistry paper describing semaglutide's design and receptor-binding profile.
View in Study Database2015Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Effect of natriuretic peptides on cerebral artery blood flow in healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Directly compared cerebral/systemic vascular responses to three natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP) on separate study days/arms.
View in Study Database2015B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Effects of B-type natriuretic peptide on cardiovascular biomarkers in healthy men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Four-hour BNP-32 infusion tested acute human biomarker/physiology effects.
View in Study Database2015Somatropin
Effects of low dose versus high dose human growth hormone on body composition and lipids in adults with GH deficiency: a meta-analysis
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Dose-dependent lean-mass/fat-mass effects; lipid benefit similar at low vs. high dose.
View in Study Database2015PNC-27
Ex-vivo PNC-27 activity against primary ovarian cancer cells and chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer lines
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
PNC-27 showed cytotoxic activity against primary ex-vivo ovarian cancer cells, including chemotherapy-resistant lines.
View in Study Database2015Dihexa
Hepatocyte growth factor mimetic protects lateral line hair cells from aminoglycoside exposure
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Dihexa reduced aminoglycoside-associated hair-cell loss in a zebrafish lateral-line model through HGF/c-Met-related signaling.
View in Study Database2015Human Alpha-Defensin 1
Human neutrophil peptide 1-3, a component of the neutrophil extracellular trap, as a potential biomarker of lupus nephritis
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Serum HNP1-3 levels were significantly higher in lupus nephritis patients than in other groups and healthy controls.
View in Study Database2015AOD-9604
In vitro metabolism and detection of the growth-hormone fragment AOD9604
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study characterized AOD9604 and its metabolites for analytical/doping-control detection and described its relationship to the hGH 177-191 region.
View in Study DatabaseMOTS-C discovery/metabolic homeostasis
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Mouse metabolic models — Reported metabolic homeostasis effects and reduced obesity/insulin resistance in models.
View in Study DatabaseOptimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with the peptide anxiolytic Selank
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Additional Russian human anxiety-spectrum evidence examining treatment optimization with Selank. Limited by small sample size and geographic/language concentration.
View in Study DatabasePinealon and Cortexin influence on behavior and lipid peroxidation in aged rats under stress
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study compared Pinealon and Cortexin in aged rats exposed to hypoxia or hypothermia and reported differences in behavior and oxidative-stress measures.
View in Study DatabaseRandomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Reported increases in several GSH pools (blood, erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes, buccal cells) over time, most prominently in the higher-intake group; levels returned toward baseline after washout.
View in Study Database2015Calcitonin
Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesHuman Study / Clinical Data
Major-society clinical practice guideline establishing serum calcitonin's role as a diagnostic and monitoring biomarker for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).
View in Study DatabaseA comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of Selank and phenazepam in anxiety disorders
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small comparative Russian study reported anxiolytic effects of Selank versus phenazepam in anxiety disorders. Limited by small sample size and older reporting standards; not independently replicated at multicenter scale.
View in Study Database2014Relaxin-2
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess haemodynamic effects of serelaxin in patients with acute heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Assessed acute Serelaxin hemodynamic effects in AHF.
View in Study Database2014Ghrelin
Acute Administration of Unacylated Ghrelin Has No Effect on Basal or Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Healthy Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV unacylated ghrelin (4 microg/kg/h) alone or combined with acylated ghrelin had no effect on basal or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during a 3-hour IV glucose tolerance test.
View in Study Database2014Crystagen
Age-Related Molecular Aspects of Immunomodulating Activity of Peptides in the Spleen
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Animal and tissue studies from the same research lineage reported effects of Crystagen on markers associated with B-cell immunity and age-related spleen changes; one study reported activation of B-cell-related immunity but no improvement in cellular-renewal processes in the aging spleen. These findings are preclinical, limited, and not independently replicated across multiple research groups.
View in Study DatabaseARA 290 for treatment of small fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Clinical evaluation reported improvement in neuropathic-pain symptoms during ARA-290 treatment.
View in Study Database2014Dulaglutide
AWARD-1: Dulaglutide Added Onto Pioglitazone and Metformin Versus Exenatide in Type 2 Diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In this 52-week randomized controlled trial, once-weekly dulaglutide (1.5 mg and 0.75 mg) added to pioglitazone and metformin produced superior HbA1c reduction from baseline versus both placebo and exenatide at 26 weeks, with an acceptable tolerability and safety profile. This is one of the pivotal registration trials supporting dulaglutide's original 2014 FDA-approved glycemic-control indication.
View in Study DatabaseEffect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Six-month randomized trial found reduction in visceral adipose tissue and a modest reduction in liver fat compared with placebo.
View in Study Database2014Bradykinin
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor mediates bradykinin-stimulated tissue plasminogen activator release in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bradykinin increased tPA release and vasodilation; mechanistic blockade implicated EDHF-related pathways.
View in Study DatabaseEpigenetic aspects of peptidergic regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation during aging
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Vesugen/KED influenced Ki-67-related endothelial-cell proliferation in aging cell models and was modeled interacting with promoter DNA. This is mechanistic evidence, not controlled clinical cardiovascular evidence.
View in Study Database2014Prostamax
Experimental Study of Efficiency of Tetrapeptide Lysyl-Glutamyl-Aspartyl-Proline Using the Model of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Additional exact-sequence KEDP preclinical evidence in a rat benign-prostatic-hyperplasia model.
View in Study Database2014Dulaglutide
FDA Approval Letter, BLA 125469 (Trulicity / dulaglutide), original approval
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA originally approved Trulicity (dulaglutide) under BLA 125469 on September 18, 2014 for glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (initial 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg once-weekly doses); the indication has since been expanded by supplemental approvals (including cardiovascular risk reduction and a pediatric indication) reflected in the current label.
View in Study Database2014Leptin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for MYALEPT (Metreleptin)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Metreleptin, a 147-amino-acid nonglycosylated polypeptide produced in E. coli, differs from endogenous mature human leptin (146 amino acids) by the addition of a methionine residue at its amino terminus. FDA-approved 2014 for complications of leptin deficiency in congenital or acquired GENERALIZED lipodystrophy, as an adjunct to diet. BOXED WARNING (verbatim): (1) anti-metreleptin neutralizing antibodies have been identified in treated patients, which may inhibit endogenous leptin action and/or cause loss of efficacy, with severe infection and/or worsening metabolic control reported; (2) T-cell lymphoma has been reported in patients with acquired generalized lipodystrophy, both treated and not treated with Myalept. Explicit Limitations of Use: not established for partial lipodystrophy; not established for liver disease/NASH; not indicated for HIV-related lipodystrophy; not indicated for metabolic disease without concurrent evidence of generalized lipodystrophy. Available only through the Myalept REMS Program.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione and mitochondria
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
GSH is synthesized in the cytosol and distributed to other compartments including mitochondria, which maintain their own regulated glutathione redox environment.
View in Study Database2014PACAP-38
Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attacks induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Head-to-head human provocation study showed PACAP-38 and VIP differ in migraine-inducing and vascular effects despite biological relatedness.
View in Study Database2014Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Mass spectrometric characterization of a full-length mechano growth factor derivative for doping-control purposes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The work characterized a full-length MGF-related substance to support analytical detection in doping control.
View in Study Database2014Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Mechano-growth factor peptide, the COOH terminus of unprocessed insulin-like growth factor 1, has no apparent effect on myoblasts or primary muscle stem cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
This study reported no apparent proliferative or survival effect of the tested MGF peptide on myoblasts or primary muscle stem cells under its experimental conditions.
View in Study Database2014Crystagen
Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during aging
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The article reports that Crystagen and R-1 had different effects in aging spleen models and that Crystagen activated B-cell-related measures.
View in Study Database2014PNC-27
PNC-27 kills K562 leukemia cells dependent on membrane HDM-2
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
PNC-27 cytotoxicity against K562 leukemia cells depends on membrane-expressed HDM-2, supporting the membrane-HDM-2 targeting mechanism in a hematologic cancer model.
View in Study DatabaseProspective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
0.03 mg/kg intravenously twice daily for up to seven days; the numerical difference in the primary endpoint was not statistically significant (p=0.15).
View in Study Database2014Relaxin-2
Reasanz (serelaxin) -- EMA refusal of marketing authorisation
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
EMA CHMP refused marketing authorization for Reasanz after concluding efficacy had not been sufficiently demonstrated; EMA explicitly describes Serelaxin as recombinant Relaxin-2.
View in Study Database2014Relaxin-2
Renal hemodynamic effects of serelaxin in patients with chronic heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Serelaxin increased renal plasma flow and altered filtration fraction without improving GFR.
View in Study Database2014AOD-9604
Safety and metabolism of AOD9604
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Toxicology/pharmacokinetics — Reports safety-focused data; efficacy claims remain limited.
View in Study DatabaseSkin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind, matched-pair, placebo-controlled split-face trial of topical 2% GSSG. Lower melanin index and changes in some skin-condition measures on treated sites. Two authors were affiliated with Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., a commercial ingredient company.
View in Study Database2014Somatropin
Somatropin treatment of spinal muscular atrophy: a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover pilot study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
No improvement in muscle strength/function vs. placebo — a negative result, included here to avoid cherry-picking only positive studies.
View in Study DatabaseStudy of Efficacy of ARA 290 on Corneal Nerve Fiber Density and Neuropathic Symptoms of Sarcoidosis Patients
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The registry documents clinical investigation of ARA-290 in sarcoidosis-associated neuropathy. Registration and completion do not imply FDA approval.
View in Study Database2014Hexarelin (Examorelin)
The cardiovascular action of hexarelin
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Synthesizes the CD36-mediated cardioprotective mechanism and the human cardiac trial data for hexarelin.
View in Study Database2014Orexin A
The effect of intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1) on sleep, wakefulness and attention in narcolepsy with cataplexy
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Reported changes consistent with REM-sleep stabilization and selected attention effects after intranasal Orexin A.
View in Study DatabaseThe efficacy of peptide bioregulators of vessels in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction in older adults
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The report described improved clinical and instrumental measures of penile arterial blood flow after Vezugen monotherapy. The English title and abstract describe different clinical framing, so the record requires manual source-language review.
View in Study DatabaseThe peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Brain ischemia/neuroprotection pathways — Shows Semax effects on genes related to vascular and immune response pathways.
View in Study Database2014Dihexa
The Procognitive and Synaptogenic Effects of Angiotensin IV-Derived Peptides Are Dependent on Activation of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met System
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Dihexa bound HGF and potentiated HGF-dependent c-Met signaling; synaptogenic and procognitive effects in experimental systems depended on this pathway.
View in Study DatabaseTreatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Lower topical concentrations were associated with improved wound-healing-rate measures versus placebo in this small trial.
View in Study Database2013Adipotide
A comparative study between nanoparticle-targeted therapeutics and bioconjugates as obesity medication
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
This study directly tested Adipotide (the KLA-conjugated prohibitin-targeting bioconjugate) head-to-head against a prohibitin-targeted nanoparticle formulation (KLA-PTNP) in diet-induced-obesity mice. At the low dose tested, KLA-PTNP—not Adipotide—produced significant body-weight reduction and a significant decrease in serum leptin; Adipotide itself did not reproduce this effect in this head-to-head comparison. This is a direct rodent comparative finding about Adipotide's own performance, not merely background context, though it remains a mouse model and does not provide human efficacy or safety evidence.
View in Study Database2013ACE-031
A single ascending-dose study of muscle regulator ACE-031 in healthy postmenopausal volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
ACE-031, an activin receptor type IIB-Fc fusion protein, produced dose-dependent increases in lean body mass and thigh muscle volume after a single dose in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was primarily a safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study and did not establish a therapeutic or performance-enhancement indication.
View in Study Database2013Angiotensin-(1-7)
Angiotensin-(1-7)-induced renal vasodilation in hypertensive humans is attenuated by low sodium intake and angiotensin II co-infusion
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intrarenal Ang-(1-7) produced renal vasodilation under sodium-rich conditions; effect was attenuated by sodium restriction and/or Ang II co-infusion.
View in Study DatabaseARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber density
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In patients with sarcoidosis-associated small-fiber neuropathy, 28 days of ARA-290 improved neuropathic symptoms and was associated with increased corneal nerve-fiber density. The trial was small and exploratory.
View in Study Database2013Human Beta-Defensin 1
Cell-mediated reduction of human beta-defensin 1: a major role for mucosal thioredoxin
Human Studies & Clinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Living human intestinal and lymphoid cells can catalyze reduction of extracellular hBD-1 via the thioredoxin (TRX) system.
View in Study DatabaseDetermination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection Was Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Geref was approved as a diagnostic agent (NDA 019863, ~1990) and later a pediatric GHD therapeutic (NDA 020443, 1997); the manufacturer voluntarily discontinued it in 2008 for commercial/supply reasons, and the FDA formally withdrew marketing approval effective June 18, 2009. FDA's later determination confirmed the withdrawal was not for safety or effectiveness reasons.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of ARA 290 in type 2 diabetes
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official registry for the controlled type 2 diabetes study.
View in Study Database2013Parathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) in hypoparathyroidism (REPLACE): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In this Natpara (recombinant human PTH 1-84) product trial (REPLACE), significantly more patients on rhPTH(1-84) achieved the composite primary endpoint (reduced/eliminated oral calcium and active vitamin D while maintaining serum calcium) than on placebo. Product-specific evidence; does not establish that unformulated native PTH(1-84) itself is a proven therapy.
View in Study Database2013Dihexa
Evaluation of Metabolically Stabilized Angiotensin IV Analogs as Procognitive/Antidementia Agents
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Metabolically stabilized AngIV analogs, including Dihexa, improved performance in rodent models of cognitive impairment and increased synaptic connectivity markers.
View in Study Database2013Prostamax
Experimental studying of the drug efficiency Prostamax in the therapy of chronic aseptic prostatitis and its complications
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Experimental chronic aseptic prostatitis animal model reporting reduced inflammation signs and prevention of sclerotic/atrophic changes with Prostamax; preclinical, not a human controlled trial. Lower-tier journal; not independently replicated.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione synthesis
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review of glutathione biosynthesis: glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the rate-limiting first step, glutathione synthetase the second; cysteine availability and GCL activity are major determinants of cellular GSH synthesis.
View in Study Database2013Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) Ec/Mechano Growth factor--a splice variant of IGF-1 within the growth plate
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The paper describes IGF-1Ec/MGF as an IGF-1 splice variant and a 24-amino-acid human E-peptide concept, while finding no proliferation of growth-plate chondrocytes after MGF peptide exposure.
View in Study DatabaseKisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
KP-10 increased LH pulse frequency, LH secretion, and testosterone in this proof-of-concept study.
View in Study DatabaseNeuroprotective effects of peptide bioregulators in people of elderly and old age
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The paper summarizes reported clinical use of peptide preparations, including Pinealon, in older adults, but provides limited modern trial detail in the English abstract.
View in Study Database2013Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
Novel locus including FGF21 is associated with dietary macronutrient intake
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Genome-wide meta-analysis: rs838133 at the FGF21 locus genome-wide significantly associated with carbohydrate/protein intake (P=7.9x10^-9 combined).
View in Study Database2013Orexin A
Orexin (hypocretin) receptor agonists and antagonists for treatment of sleep disorders: rationale for development and current status
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Reviews the role of orexin signaling in wakefulness, narcolepsy, and receptor-targeted drug development.
View in Study Database2013GHRP-6
Pharmacokinetic study of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in nine male healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study characterized plasma pharmacokinetics across dose levels in healthy volunteers.
View in Study DatabaseProphylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Prophylactic oxytocin reduced postpartum hemorrhage greater than 500 mL and the need for additional uterotonics compared with placebo or no uterotonic.
View in Study Database2013Relaxin-2
Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
RELAX-AHF tested Serelaxin in acute heart failure and reported improvement on one prespecified dyspnea assessment plus exploratory clinical signals.
View in Study Database2013Apelin-13
Sustained cardiovascular actions of APJ agonism during renin-angiotensin system activation and in patients with heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Systemic [Pyr1]Apelin-13 increased cardiac index and reduced mean arterial pressure/peripheral vascular resistance, with preserved vasodilation during RAS activation.
View in Study DatabaseThe efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis: ETASS randomized trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
ETASS reported immune-marker and mortality findings that motivated further study, but later confirmatory evidence was needed.
View in Study Database2013Urocortin-2
Urocortin-2 infusion in acute decompensated heart failure: findings from the UNICORN study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized trial evaluated hemodynamic, renal, biomarker, safety, and clinical signals during four-hour UCN2 infusion.
View in Study DatabaseA randomized assessor-blind trial comparing highly purified menotropin and recombinant FSH in a GnRH antagonist cycle with compulsory single-blastocyst transfer
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The trial compared efficacy and safety of highly purified menotropin with recombinant FSH under a defined antagonist-cycle study design.
View in Study DatabaseCathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in psoriasis enables keratinocyte reactivity against TLR9 ligands
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study linked elevated LL-37 and TLR9-related signaling in psoriasis.
View in Study Database2012Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
This large acute-stroke trial did not establish a broad unequivocal efficacy result across the full population, illustrating inconsistency within the clinical evidence base.
View in Study Database2012Prostamax
Chromatin changes in old age involving Prostamax (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro)
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Explicitly identifies the studied oligopeptide as Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro (KEDP) and reports chromatin-organization effects in an aging model. Direct exact-sequence KEDP evidence, compatible with the Prostamax identity established by patent RU2177802C1.
View in Study Database2012Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Chronic administration of hexarelin attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reduced myocardial collagen I/III deposition; the effect was blocked by a GHS-R antagonist, indicating a GHS-R-dependent fibrosis pathway distinct from the GH-independent CD36 pathway (both mechanisms are real and coexist).
View in Study Database2012Adipotide
Comment on “A peptidomimetic targeting white fat causes weight loss and improved insulin resistance in obese monkeys”
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Published commentary questioned whether reduced food intake contributed to the primate weight-loss findings.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Preclinical gastric-emptying and intestinal-transit study.
View in Study Database2012GLP-2
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for GATTEX (Teduglutide)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Teduglutide (Gattex), a 33-amino-acid GLP-2 analogue with a glycine-for-alanine substitution at the N-terminal position 2 conferring DPP-4 resistance, has a mean terminal half-life of ~2 hours (healthy subjects; ~1.3 hours in SBS patients) vs. native GLP-2's ~7-minute half-life. FDA-approved 2012 for adult and pediatric (1 year+) short bowel syndrome patients dependent on parenteral support. Label warnings: potential hyperplastic/neoplastic changes (colorectal, gastric, small-intestinal polyps observed in trials and postmarketing, with an animal carcinogenicity signal) requiring colonoscopy monitoring; cholecystitis/cholelithiasis/pancreatitis; intestinal obstruction; fluid overload/CHF.
View in Study Database2012GHRP-6
GHRP-6 mimics ghrelin-induced stimulation of food intake and suppression of locomotor activity in goldfish
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Stimulated food intake, equipotent to ghrelin; effect blocked by an NPY Y1-receptor antagonist.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial measuring melanin index at six body sites. Melanin indices declined across measured sites, but statistically significant differences versus placebo were observed at only two of the six sites. Study itself noted long-term safety was not established.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione synthesis and its role in redox signaling
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review covering glutathione synthesis and redox signaling, including reversible protein S-glutathionylation of cysteine residues.
View in Study Database2012PACAP-38
Headache and prolonged dilatation of the middle meningeal artery by PACAP38 in healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
PACAP-38 induced headache and prolonged middle meningeal artery dilation, without significant middle cerebral artery dilation.
View in Study Database2012Hepcidin-25
Importance of the disulfide bridges in the antibacterial activity of human hepcidin
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Hepcidin-25's antibacterial activity depends on its four disulfide bonds maintaining a beta-hairpin structure that binds DNA directly; no membrane permeabilization was observed; a fully reduced/cysteine-free variant lost both DNA-binding and antibacterial activity.
View in Study Database2012Secretin
Intravenous Secretin for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Review Articles / Secondary Sourcesmeta_analysis
There is no evidence that single or multiple dose intravenous secretin is effective and as such currently it should not be recommended or administered as a treatment for ASD.
View in Study Database2012Ghrelin
Metabolic Effects of Overnight Continuous Infusion of Unacylated Ghrelin in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Overnight (16h) IV unacylated (des-acyl) ghrelin infusion (1.0 microg/kg/h) produced significant changes in glucose, insulin, and free-fatty-acid profiles vs. saline, via a mechanism independent of the classical acylated-ghrelin receptor.
View in Study DatabasePinealon protects rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Pinealon improved selected cognitive and biochemical outcomes in rat offspring exposed to prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.
View in Study DatabaseSafety and efficacy of ARA 290 in sarcoidosis patients with symptoms of small fiber neuropathy
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Pilot randomized data reported improvement in neuropathic symptoms and supported further evaluation.
View in Study Database2012Dermcidin
Structure-Activity Analysis of the Dermcidin-derived Peptide DCD-1L, an Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide Present in Human Sweat
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
DCD-1L forms zinc-dependent oligomeric ion channels in bacterial-mimetic lipid bilayers via a specific N-terminus-embedding, zinc-bridge-stabilized conformation.
View in Study DatabaseSynthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
Synthesized and characterized the N-terminal acetylated LKKTETQ (Ac-LKKTETQ) fragment identified in TB-500, establishing direct analytical/molecular identity for anti-doping detection purposes.
View in Study DatabaseThe regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Wound repair mechanisms — Discusses migration, stem-cell mobilization, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
View in Study Database2011Adipotide
A peptidomimetic targeting white fat causes weight loss and improved insulin resistance in obese monkeys
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study reported weight loss and improved insulin-resistance measures in obese nonhuman primates.
View in Study Database2011Secretin
A Systematic Review of Secretin for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
There is clear evidence that secretin lacks benefit as an autism treatment.
View in Study Database2011Human Beta-Defensin 3
A worldwide analysis of beta-defensin copy number variation suggests recent selection of a high-expressing DEFB103 gene copy in East Asia
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The DEFB103 gene locus shows worldwide copy-number variation, with evidence of recent selection for a high-expressing gene copy in East Asian populations.
View in Study Database2011Human Beta-Defensin 2
Altered serum levels of human neutrophil peptides (HNP) and human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) in Wegener's granulomatosis
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Wegener's granulomatosis patients showed higher serum levels of hBD2 and pooled HNP than controls.
View in Study DatabaseARA290, a peptide derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin, produces long-term relief of neuropathic pain in rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Preclinical work reported prolonged antiallodynic effects associated with innate-repair-receptor signaling.
View in Study DatabaseCortexin and Cortagen as correcting agents in functional and metabolic disorders in chronic brain ischemia
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cortexin and Cortagen were studied in a rodent ischemia model, with reported functional and metabolic changes.
View in Study DatabaseEffect of insulin and an erythropoietin-derived peptide on diabetic neuropathy in rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
ARA-290 was evaluated for tissue-protective effects in diabetic neuropathy models.
View in Study Database2011B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Nesiritide did not significantly change 30-day death/HF rehospitalization and did not meet the prespecified dyspnea efficacy threshold; hypotension was increased.
View in Study Database2011Orexin A
Effects of intranasal hypocretin-1 (orexin A) on sleep in narcolepsy with cataplexy
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intranasal hypocretin-1 produced functional changes in sleep measures in this pilot study.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of oral glutathione supplementation on systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in human volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. No significant between-group change in urinary F2-isoprostanes, urinary 8-OHdG, or erythrocyte reduced/oxidized glutathione indices.
View in Study Database2011Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide: A Bifunctional Glucose-Dependent Regulator of Glucagon and Insulin Secretion in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV GIP during hypoglycemic, euglycemic, and hyperglycemic clamps produced glucose-dependent effects on glucagon and insulin secretion, with greater glucagon response during hypoglycemia -- establishing GIP as a bifunctional, glucose-dependent regulator.
View in Study DatabaseKisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
KP-10 produced rapid dose-dependent LH responses; continuous infusion increased LH pulse frequency and size and increased testosterone.
View in Study Database2011Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Mechano Growth Factor E peptide (MGF-E), derived from an isoform of IGF-1, activates human muscle progenitor cells and induces an increase in their fusion potential at different ages
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
MGF-E peptide increased proliferative lifespan and altered fusion-related behavior in cultured human muscle progenitor cells.
View in Study DatabaseOxytocin bolus plus infusion at elective caesarean section
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A randomized trial evaluated whether an oxytocin infusion after an initial bolus improved uterine tone and reduced additional uterotonic requirements.
View in Study DatabasePenetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study included fluorescently labeled Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) and reported cellular or nuclear penetration and interactions with nucleic-acid targets in vitro.
View in Study Database2011Human Beta-Defensin 1
Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human beta-defensin 1
Human Studies & Clinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Oxidized hBD-1 shows weak antimicrobial activity; upon reduction of its three disulfide bonds, hBD-1 gains potent activity against Candida albicans and anaerobic Gram-positive commensals.
View in Study DatabaseThe promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
BPC-157 increased explant outgrowth, cell survival under oxidative stress, migration, spreading, and FAK/paxillin phosphorylation in the experimental systems.
View in Study DatabaseChang CH, et al. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(3):774-780. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010.
Thymosin alpha 1 and cellular immunity in severe acute pancreatitis: double-blind randomized study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The pilot study reported improved immune markers and lower infection-related outcomes in the thymosin group.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin beta-4 regenerative peptide review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Basic science and clinical applications — Reviews repair/regeneration roles in injured tissues.
View in Study Database2011Adipotide
Vascular ligand-receptor mapping by direct combinatorial selection in cancer patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human vascular-targeting research supported prohibitin as a vascular target for the CKGGRAKDC homing motif.
View in Study DatabaseX-ray and solution structures of Cu(II) GHK and Cu(II) DAHK complexes: influence on their redox properties
Animal / Cell / Preclinical Dataanalytical_study
X-ray and spectroscopic characterization of Cu(II)-GHK.
View in Study Database2010Adipotide
A first-in-man phase I evaluation of a single cycle of prohibitin targeting peptide 1 in patients with metastatic prostate cancer and obesity
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official first-in-human phase 1 registry; the study is listed as terminated and verified peer-reviewed outcome results were not located.
View in Study DatabaseA randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Single and multiple intravenous doses of full-length thymosin beta-4.
View in Study Database2010Apelin-13
Acute cardiovascular effects of apelin in humans: potential role in patients with chronic heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
[Pyr1]Apelin-13 caused peripheral vasodilation and increased cardiac index while reducing mean arterial pressure/peripheral vascular resistance; Apelin-36 increased coronary flow and altered LV pressure indices.
View in Study Database2010ACE-031
Administration of a soluble activin type IIB receptor promotes skeletal muscle growth independent of fiber type
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A soluble activin type IIB receptor ligand trap increased skeletal muscle growth across fiber types in preclinical models.
View in Study Database2010PNC-27
Anticancer peptide PNC-27 adopts an HDM-2-binding conformation and targets HDM-2 in cancer-cell membranes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
PNC-27 adopts a conformation that binds membrane-associated HDM-2/MDM2 on cancer-cell membranes, supporting the core proposed mechanism of targeted membrane lysis.
View in Study Database2010Hepcidin-25
Antimicrobial activity of human hepcidin 20 and 25 against clinically relevant bacterial strains: effect of copper and acidic pH
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Hepcidin-20 was active at lower concentrations than Hepcidin-25 in most tested conditions; acidic pH enhanced both forms' activity; copper specifically enhanced Hepcidin-25's activity.
View in Study DatabaseDetermination of growth hormone secretagogue pralmorelin (GHRP-2) and its metabolite in human urine by LC/ESI tandem mass spectrometry
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Validated a urine-detection method for GHRP-2 for anti-doping use.
View in Study Database2010Alpha-CGRP
Dilation by CGRP of middle meningeal artery and reversal by sumatriptan in normal volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human Alpha-CGRP dilated the middle meningeal artery and induced headache-related physiology; sumatriptan reversed meningeal dilation.
View in Study DatabaseDrug-loaded nanoparticles targeted to the colon with polysaccharide hydrogel reduce colitis in a mouse model
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Colon-targeted KPV nanoparticle delivery.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Daily tesamorelin or placebo for 26 weeks, followed by 26-week extension phases; continued treatment better maintained visceral-fat reduction than switching to placebo.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Daily subcutaneous tesamorelin vs placebo, randomized 2:1, for 6 months with a 6-month safety extension — visceral adipose tissue decreased 10.9% (-21 cm2) vs 0.6% (-1 cm2) with placebo; effect sustained at 12 months.
View in Study Database2010Human Beta-Defensin 2
Elevated levels of human beta-defensin 2 and human neutrophil peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Elevated levels of hBD2 and pooled human neutrophil peptides (HNP) were observed in SLE patients.
View in Study DatabaseEmerging roles of the host defense peptide LL-37 in human cancer and its potential therapeutic applications
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review describes context-dependent tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive observations across models.
View in Study Database2010ACE-031
Extension study of ACE-031 in subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Extension-study registry record; the study was terminated.
View in Study Database2010Somatropin
FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety review of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (somatropin) and possible increased risk of death
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
SAGhE study reported an approximately 30% increased mortality signal; FDA reviewed and called the study inconclusive due to design weaknesses. No definitive resolution found in this research pass.
View in Study DatabaseFDA EGRIFTA (NDA 022505) Medical Review — Historical Discussion of Geref Diagnostic and Pediatric Use (Not a Geref NDA Approval File)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA reviewers summarized former diagnostic and pediatric indications, discontinuation, common transient reactions, and anti-Geref antibody observations.
View in Study Database2010Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Mechano growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The review discusses MGF nomenclature, splice variants, E-peptides, and proposed tissue-repair roles while emphasizing unresolved biology.
View in Study Database2010Adipotide
Peptide Designed to Elicit Apoptosis in Adipose Tissue Endothelium Reduces Food Intake and Body Weight
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In diet-induced-obese mice and rats, a phage-display-derived peptide targeting prohibitin on white-adipose endothelium and fused to a proapoptotic sequence reduced body weight in animals on a high-fat diet, including complete reversal of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice, but did not produce the same effect in animals on a low-fat diet. Weight loss was accompanied by reduced food intake without a change in energy expenditure; food intake fell despite reduced circulating leptin, supporting a leptin-independent component of the feeding effect.
View in Study Database2010PNC-27
PNC-27 induces tumor-cell lysis as an intact peptide
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The intact PNC-27 peptide (not a metabolite or fragment) is responsible for tumor-cell lysis in vitro.
View in Study DatabaseSemax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In rat focal cerebral ischemia, Semax and its Pro-Gly-Pro fragment activated transcription of neurotrophin and neurotrophin-receptor genes, a preclinical finding relevant to the neurotrophic-signaling hypothesis and not a clinical outcome.
View in Study Database2010ACE-031
Study of ACE-031 in Subjects With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The registry documents the randomized DMD study and states that it was terminated based on safety data. Trial registration does not establish approval.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin alpha 1 in advanced melanoma: randomized clinical study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The trial explored immune and clinical outcomes in combination therapy; it does not establish thymosin alpha 1 as an independent anticancer treatment.
View in Study DatabaseCJC-1295 Effects on GH/IGF Axis Protein Profiles
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Small human study examining CJC-1295 DAC effects on GH/IGF-1 axis protein profiles, consistent with sustained pharmacodynamic stimulation of the axis; not an outcome/efficacy trial.
View in Study Database2009Parathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
Critical issues of PTH assays in CKD
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesHuman Study / Clinical Data
Second-generation 'intact PTH' immunoassays cross-react with large PTH fragments retaining a partially preserved N-structure, chiefly PTH(7-84), which are not bioactive at PTH1R; PTH(7-84) can represent >20% of circulating PTH in normal renal function and up to ~45% in renal failure, complicating clinical interpretation, especially in CKD. Review/commentary-tier synthesis, not a new primary cohort.
View in Study Database2009Peptide YY
Differential Effect of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on Gastric Emptying in Man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Both native PYY forms slowed gastric emptying in humans; PYY(3-36) was more effective (half-emptying time prolonged from 63.1 to 87.0 minutes vs. saline).
View in Study Database2009Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Expression of IGF-1 isoforms after exercise-induced muscle damage in humans: characterization of the MGF E peptide actions in vitro
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
After exercise-induced muscle damage, MGF/IGF-1Ec expression changed in human skeletal muscle; synthetic MGF E-peptide showed proliferative effects in vitro distinct from mature IGF-1 signaling.
View in Study Database2009Adiponectin
Genome-wide linkage and association analyses to identify genes influencing adiponectin levels: the GEMS Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Genome-wide linkage and association scan identifies the ADIPOQ locus as the major genetic determinant of circulating adiponectin levels in humans.
View in Study Database2009ACE-031
Multiple ascending-dose study of ACE-031 in healthy postmenopausal women
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official registry record for repeated exposure; registry data are not equivalent to a peer-reviewed outcome publication.
View in Study Database2009PACAP-38
PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
PACAP-38 caused headache in all healthy subjects and 11/12 migraine patients; 7/12 migraine patients had migraine-like attacks after PACAP-38 and none after placebo.
View in Study Database2009Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP)
Paraneoplastic humorally mediated hypercalcemia induced by parathyroid hormone-related protein in gynecologic malignancies: a systematic review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesHuman Study / Clinical Data
Systematic review establishing tumor-secreted PTHrP as the principal mediator of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), most commonly with squamous-cell and certain other carcinomas.
View in Study DatabaseRandomized, double-blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind IV pilot. No significant difference in UPDRS outcomes; short-term tolerability was similar between groups. Very small and short; disease-specific; does not establish cosmetic efficacy or chronic IV safety.
View in Study DatabaseRegulation of glutathione synthesis
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review of GSH synthesis regulation: GCL rate limitation, cysteine availability, and feedback inhibition of the first synthesis step by GSH itself.
View in Study DatabaseSafety and Efficacy of Ipamorelin for Management of Post-Operative Ileus
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Completed phase 2 trial registry record; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00672074.
View in Study DatabaseSelf-RNA-antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
LL-37 complexes with self-RNA activated innate immune signaling, illustrating context-dependent pro-inflammatory activity.
View in Study Database2009GLP-2
Short Bowel Patients Treated for Two Years with Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2): Compliance, Safety, and Effects on Quality of Life
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Sustained 2-year compliance, favorable safety profile, and improved quality-of-life measures.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Corneal injury/inflammation — Summarizes corneal wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects.
View in Study Database2008ACE-031
A safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of ACE-031 in healthy postmenopausal women
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Official registry for the single-ascending-dose phase 1 study. Registry status and posted details should be read separately from publication findings.
View in Study Database2008FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23)
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Mortality among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Higher FGF23 levels were independently associated with increased mortality in patients initiating hemodialysis. Observational association; does not establish that FGF23 itself is a therapeutic target or that modulating it changes outcomes.
View in Study Database2008Ghrelin
Ghrelin Infusion in Humans Induces Acute Insulin Resistance and Lipolysis Independent of Growth Hormone Signaling
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Acute IV acylated ghrelin infusion (5 pmol/kg/min), double-blind crossover in healthy men and hypopituitary adults, produced acute peripheral (not hepatic) insulin resistance and stimulated lipolysis, independent of GH signaling.
View in Study Database2008RANKL
Human Osteoclast-Poor Osteopetrosis with Hypogammaglobulinemia due to TNFRSF11A (RANK) Mutations
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
RANK (TNFRSF11A), the receptor RANKL signals through, is a distinct gene/protein from RANKL. RANK-deficient osteopetrosis is a clinically distinct disease (associated with hypogammaglobulinemia) from RANKL-deficient osteopetrosis, and unlike it, is HSCT-responsive. RECEPTOR_CONTEXT boundary source only, not a substitute for direct RANKL genetic evidence.
View in Study DatabaseInhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Aviptadil aerosol caused small, temporary selective pulmonary vasodilation and improved selected hemodynamic measures.
View in Study DatabaseInvestigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Pinealon was studied in experimental hypoxia models and showed neurobiological effects under those conditions. The findings are preclinical.
View in Study Database2008Alpha-CGRP
Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine: regional cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity in migraine patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV human Alpha-CGRP altered cerebral blood-flow velocity and systemic hemodynamics and served as a migraine-provocation/pathophysiology probe.
View in Study DatabaseLong-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Longer-term follow-up from the HIV lipodystrophy development program showed that visceral-fat effects depended on continued treatment and added safety experience beyond the initial blinded period.
View in Study Database2008Orexin A
Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial, seven patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy showed improved olfactory threshold scores after intranasal Orexin A (hypocretin-1) compared with placebo. This is a very small study and does not establish general treatment efficacy, improved wakefulness, long-term benefit, or routine use, and the olfactory finding must not be generalized to other symptoms or populations.
View in Study DatabasePepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Cellular uptake, inflammatory signaling, and murine colitis experiments.
View in Study Database2008Human Beta-Defensin 2
Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Increased genomic copy number at the beta-defensin gene cluster (including DEFB4A) is associated with psoriasis risk.
View in Study DatabaseSelank in generalized anxiety disorder and neurasthenia
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small older study, primarily from Russia, compared intranasal Selank with a benzodiazepine-type drug in patients described as having generalized anxiety disorder or neurasthenia and reported possible reductions in anxiety symptoms. Limited by small sample size, limited methodological detail, older diagnostic terminology, uncertain randomization/blinding, unclear formulation identity, short follow-up, and no FDA-reviewed efficacy program.
View in Study Database2008Peptide YY
Supraphysiological Doses of Intravenous PYY3-36 Cause Nausea, but No Additional Reduction in Food Intake
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Supraphysiological IV PYY(3-36) doses caused nausea in 5 of 6 subjects with no additional food-intake reduction vs. physiological dosing.
View in Study Database2008Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
The circulating metabolic regulator FGF21 is induced by prolonged fasting and PPARalpha activation in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A 10-day fast raised plasma FGF21 ~3-fold in normal-to-slightly-overweight subjects; a 3-day fast did NOT significantly change plasma FGF21 in healthy lean subjects -- the response is duration-dependent.
View in Study Database2008Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Low-dose arginine vasopressin (0.01-0.03 U/min) added to open-label vasopressors was not statistically superior to norepinephrine (5-15 mcg/min) for the primary 28-day mortality endpoint (35.4% AVP vs. 39.3% norepinephrine; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.75-1.08, P=0.26).
View in Study Database2007Obestatin
[RETRACTED] Obestatin Reduces Food Intake and Suppresses Body Weight Gain in Rodents
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
RETRACTED PAPER. This paper originally reported a positive anorexigenic/body-weight-suppressing effect of obestatin in rodents but was formally RETRACTED by the journal (Biochem Biophys Res Commun) on 2009-10-23 (retraction notice PMID 19777640). Included ONLY to document the retraction as negative/credibility context for the field's replication history.
View in Study DatabaseA simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A peak GH cutoff of 15 mcg/L reliably diagnosed severe adult GH deficiency with favorable reproducibility.
View in Study DatabaseAlpha-MSH related peptides review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Anti-inflammatory mechanisms — Summarizes alpha-MSH/KPV anti-inflammatory pathways.
View in Study Database2007Obestatin
Comment on 'Obestatin, a Peptide Encoded by the Ghrelin Gene, Opposes Ghrelin's Effects on Food Intake'
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Formal published scientific comment directly challenging the original 2005 Science paper's central claims.
View in Study Database2007Orexin A
Contribution of orexin in hypercapnic chemoreflex: evidence from genetic and pharmacological disruption and supplementation studies in mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Orexin signaling contributed to ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide in wakefulness.
View in Study Database2007Peptide YY
Effect of Subcutaneous Injections of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on Appetite, Ad Libitum Energy Intake, and Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentration in Obese Males
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Escalating subcutaneous doses of both PYY forms over 5 days: neither form significantly changed ad-libitum energy intake; PYY(3-36) produced dose-dependent improvements in satiety/hunger ratings and raised FFA; PYY(1-36) showed neither effect.
View in Study Database2007Obestatin
Effects of Obestatin on Energy Balance and Growth Hormone Secretion in Rodents
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
No effect of obestatin on food intake, body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, respiratory quotient, or hypothalamic energy-balance neuropeptides; no effect on GH secretion in vivo; could not detect GPR39 mRNA in rat hypothalamus.
View in Study Database2007Peptide YY
Effects of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on Appetite, Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, Glucose and Fat Metabolism in Obese and Lean Subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
90-minute IV infusions (0.8 pmol/kg/min) of both native PYY forms: PYY(3-36) reduced energy intake, lowered well-being ratings, and raised FFA/glucose/insulin/heart rate/energy expenditure; PYY(1-36) had no effect on energy intake.
View in Study Database2007Substance P
Effects of substance P on memory and mood in healthy male subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Direct human CNS/behavioral experimental study evaluating memory and mood after Substance P infusion.
View in Study Database2007Desmopressin
FDA December 2007 Postmarketing Safety Action on Intranasal Desmopressin (Enuresis Indication Removal)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Intranasal desmopressin formulations lost the primary-nocturnal-enuresis indication specifically (tablets retained it) because of a disproportionate hyponatremia/seizure risk via the intranasal route.
View in Study Database2007Somatostatin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for SOMATULINE DEPOT (Lanreotide) Injection
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Lanreotide (Somatuline Depot), a synthetic cyclical octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, is FDA-approved for: (1) long-term treatment of acromegalic patients with inadequate response to surgery/radiotherapy (2007); (2) treatment of adult patients with unresectable, well- or moderately-differentiated, locally advanced or metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) to improve progression-free survival (2014, CLARINET trial, 53% PFS improvement vs. placebo, 264 patients); (3) treatment of adults with carcinoid syndrome, reducing the frequency of short-acting somatostatin-analog rescue therapy (2017, ELECT trial). Label warnings: cholelithiasis/gallbladder complications, hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, sinus bradycardia, mild thyroid-function decreases, new-onset steatorrhea.
View in Study Database2007Obestatin
GPR39 Signaling Is Stimulated by Zinc Ions but Not by Obestatin
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Zinc ions, not obestatin, are a genuine GPR39 agonist -- a second, independent research group's direct contradiction of the original GPR39-obestatin receptor claim.
View in Study Database2007Obestatin
Lack of Obestatin Effects on Food Intake: Should Obestatin Be Renamed Ghrelin-Associated Peptide (GAP)?
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Explicitly proposes renaming obestatin 'ghrelin-associated peptide (GAP)' given the consistent failure to replicate its proposed anorexigenic action.
View in Study Database2007Pancreatic Polypeptide
Low-dose pancreatic polypeptide inhibits food intake in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A lower, more physiological PP infusion dose (5 pmol/kg/min, half the Batterham dose) reduced food intake over a 90-minute infusion.
View in Study DatabaseMelanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Preclinical — Reported significant anti-inflammatory effects in murine colitis models.
View in Study DatabaseMetabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, placebo-controlled 26-week trial of daily subcutaneous tesamorelin; visceral adipose tissue was the primary efficacy endpoint.
View in Study Database2007Obestatin
Obestatin Partially Affects Ghrelin Stimulation of Food Intake and Growth Hormone Secretion in Rodents
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Obestatin alone had no effect on food intake; it partially antagonized ghrelin's orexigenic effect, but only in fed mice (not fasted); obestatin alone had no direct GH effect but partially blocked ghrelin-stimulated GH release in vivo (not replicated ex vivo in pituitary explants).
View in Study Database2007RANKL
Osteoclast-poor human osteopetrosis due to mutations in the gene encoding RANKL
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Loss-of-function mutations in TNFSF11 (RANKL) cause a rare, osteoclast-poor form of autosomal-recessive osteopetrosis in 6 individuals; unlike RANK(TNFRSF11A)-deficient osteopetrosis, which is HSCT-responsive, RANKL-deficient osteopetrosis was NOT cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the reported cases, though exogenous RANKL restored functional osteoclast formation from patients' monocytes in vitro.
View in Study DatabasePlasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide LL37 in psoriasis
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
LL-37–self-DNA complexes activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells, supporting a role in psoriasis pathogenesis.
View in Study Database2007Adiponectin
Selective Downregulation of the High-Molecular Weight Form of Adiponectin in Hyperinsulinemia and in Type 2 Diabetes
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The high-molecular-weight (HMW) form of adiponectin is selectively downregulated in hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes, distinct from lower-molecular-weight forms.
View in Study Database2007PACAP-38
The effect of intravenous PACAP38 on cerebral hemodynamics in healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
PACAP-38 markedly increased heart rate; apparent cerebral blood-flow changes were largely explained by reduced end-tidal CO2, with no major direct effect on regional cerebral blood flow after correction.
View in Study DatabaseThe effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ (AHK-Cu) stimulated elongation of isolated human hair follicles ex vivo and proliferation of cultured dermal papilla cells. This was not a clinical treatment trial.
View in Study DatabaseThe study of chronic partial denervation and quality of life in patients with motor neuron disease treated with Semax
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small open-label study in motor neuron disease found no effect of Semax on chronic partial denervation or clinical functional measures, although a quality-of-life signal was reported. An important negative/neutral functional-evidence data point.
View in Study Database2007Urocortin-2
Urocortin 2 infusion in healthy humans: hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and renal responses
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
UCN2 produced dose-related increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and LVEF while reducing systemic vascular resistance.
View in Study Database2007Urocortin-2
Urocortin 2 infusion in human heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
UCN2 produced acute hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and renal responses in heart failure.
View in Study Database2006Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
5 unrelated probands heterozygous for a beta-MSH Tyr221Cys variant with impaired MC4R binding/activation compared to wild-type beta-MSH. This is BETA-MSH evidence, a different peptide from alpha-MSH.
View in Study DatabaseA Study to Evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV Patients With Visceral Obesity
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
The trial was registered to evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV-associated visceral obesity. No completed efficacy result should be inferred from the registry entry.
View in Study Database2006Dermcidin
Cathepsin D is present in human eccrine sweat and involved in the postsecretory processing of the antimicrobial peptide DCD-1L
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Cathepsin D is present in human eccrine sweat and is involved in the postsecretory proteolytic processing that generates DCD-1L.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Topical/preclinical corneal-healing experiment.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Topical copper-tripeptide regimen compared with control skin care.
View in Study Database2006Gastrin
Federal Register Determination re: PEPTAVLON (Pentagastrin) Injection, 0.25 mg/mL
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
PEPTAVLON for subcutaneous injection, 0.25 mg/mL, approved under NDA 17-048, was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness.
View in Study Database2006Dermcidin
Generation of multiple stable dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat of different body sites
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Identified 14 distinct proteolytically processed dermcidin peptide forms in eccrine sweat, varying by body site.
View in Study Database2006Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
GIP-(3-42) does not antagonize insulinotropic effects of GIP at physiological concentrations
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GIP(1-42) is inactivated by DPP-4 cleavage to GIP(3-42); GIP(3-42) does not physiologically antagonize intact GIP(1-42) at normal circulating concentrations in humans.
View in Study Database2006Human Beta-Defensin 3
In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Human Beta-Defensin 3 against Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Strains
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
hBD-3 shows bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, and A. baumannii.
View in Study DatabaseLONG R3IGF-I as a more potent alternative to insulin in serum-free culture of HEK293 cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The engineered analogue supported mammalian cell culture and was evaluated as an alternative to insulin in serum-free production conditions.
View in Study Database2006Obestatin
Obestatin Does Not Activate Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR39
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
I125-obestatin does not bind GPR39 and no functional effect of obestatin on GPR39-transfected cells was observed across three different radioiodinated obestatin forms and two GPR39-expressing cell types -- directly contradicts the original 2005 GPR39 claim.
View in Study DatabaseOnce-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Normalized body weight and length with daily dosing; less-frequent dosing (every 48-72 hours) gave only a partial effect.
View in Study DatabaseProlonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human randomized trials showed prolonged GH and IGF-I increases after the long-acting DAC-containing CJC-1295 development compound. FDA specifically notes these clinical references concern CJC-1295 DAC, so they must not be used as direct human efficacy evidence for CJC-1295 free base/no-DAC.
View in Study DatabasePulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Pulsatile GH release was preserved; basal GH increased 7.5x, mean GH increased 46%, and IGF-1 increased 45%.
View in Study DatabaseRandomized placebo-controlled study of thymosin alpha 1 plus interferon for chronic hepatitis C
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Adding thymosin alpha 1 did not establish a broad, stand-alone treatment effect under the studied combination regimen.
View in Study DatabaseSemax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In rat basal forebrain, intranasal Semax increased BDNF protein within hours, and radiolabeled Semax showed specific, reversible binding to membrane preparations, supporting a neurotrophic-signaling hypothesis without establishing the responsible molecular target.
View in Study DatabaseSemax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Dopamine/BDNF/nootropic effects — Discusses Semax effects on memory, attention, dopamine, and BDNF.
View in Study DatabaseSermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency?
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Perspective piece discussing sermorelin's potential role in adult-onset GH insufficiency; editorial format with no underlying data table independently extracted.
View in Study Database2006GHRP-6
Use of growth-hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) for the prevention of multiple organ failure
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Reduced hepatic, intestinal, lung, and renal injury by 50-85% in the ischemia-reperfusion model.
View in Study Database2005Felypressin
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prilocaine and felypressin (Citanest and Octapressin) for the relief of pain associated with cervical biopsy and treatment with the Semm coagulator
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intracervical prilocaine-felypressin significantly reduced pain intensity during cervical biopsy and Semm-coagulator treatment versus placebo (P<.05); only 4.3%/6.7% of the active-drug group experienced moderate pain during biopsy/treatment respectively, versus up to 44.7% mild-or-worse pain in the placebo group; the active drug abolished severe pain altogether.
View in Study Database2005Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
A novel growth factor peptide protects against ischaemia-induced neuronal death
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
MGF-related peptide exposure was associated with neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemia models.
View in Study Database2005Alpha-CGRP
BIBN4096BS antagonizes human alpha-calcitonin gene related peptide-induced headache and extracerebral artery dilatation
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Alpha-CGRP infusion provoked headache and extracerebral vascular dilation; CGRP-receptor antagonism blocked these effects.
View in Study Database2005Dermcidin
Deficiency of dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat of patients with atopic dermatitis correlates with an impaired innate defense of human skin in vivo
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Patients with atopic dermatitis show reduced dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat, correlating with impaired innate cutaneous defense.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of long-term treatment with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in the GHRH knockout mouse
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Failed to reverse growth hormone deficiency and did not stimulate growth; the increase in body weight observed reflected worsened body composition, not benefit. Included here as a negative result to avoid cherry-picking only positive studies.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Orphan Drug Designation: aviptadil for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA lists aviptadil as designated for pulmonary arterial hypertension and explicitly states it is not FDA approved for the orphan indication.
View in Study Database2005Ghrelin
Ghrelin Increases Food Intake in Obese as Well as Lean Subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Dose-dependent IV acylated ghrelin infusion (1 and 5 pmol/kg/min) increased energy intake in both lean (+20.1%) and obese (+70.1%) subjects.
View in Study DatabaseGrowth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Produced a 35.9% increase in food intake vs. saline.
View in Study DatabaseHuman growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study identified a long-acting albumin-binding CJC-1295 conjugate and characterized prolonged activity. Because the paper concerns the albumin bioconjugate, it belongs with the DAC form rather than the non-DAC page.
View in Study Database2005Cerebrolysin
Neuroprotective treatment with cerebrolysin in patients with acute stroke: a randomised controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Patients with acute stroke were randomized to Cerebrolysin or placebo with background therapy. Early neurological improvement signals were reported, but the study does not establish U.S. approval.
View in Study Database2005Ghrelin
Obestatin, a Peptide Encoded by the Ghrelin Gene, Opposes Ghrelin's Effects on Food Intake
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Original description of obestatin: rat administration suppressed food intake, inhibited jejunal contraction, and decreased body-weight gain; proposed GPR39 as the obestatin receptor. This original anorexigenic/GPR39 claim was directly contradicted by multiple independent later studies (see Obestatin page).
View in Study Database2005Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Recombinant osteoprotegerin for juvenile Paget's disease
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
CRITICAL FIREWALL SOURCE. The recombinant osteoprotegerin construct studied here, 'AMG 0007', is an IgG1-Fc-fused engineered molecule, NOT unmodified native circulating OPG. Administered subcutaneously once weekly (0.3-0.4 mg/kg) to 2 adult siblings with juvenile Paget's disease over 15 months: radial bone mass increased 9% and 30% in the two patients respectively, skeletal bisphosphonate retention decreased 37% and 55%, with radiographic improvement. Classification: PRODUCT_SPECIFIC_EVIDENCE (engineered OPG-Fc fusion construct), NOT DIRECT_NATIVE_HUMAN_INTERVENTION and NOT RECOMBINANT_PRODUCT_EXACT_SEQUENCE relative to native OPG. Same construct lineage as study-opg-body-2003-pmid12548591 (AMGN-0007), a distinct clinical application (oncology bone-metastasis context) of the same molecule. The available evidence base does NOT establish why this construct's development did not proceed to approval; no specific cause (e.g., antibody formation) should ever be asserted.
View in Study Database2005Oxyntomodulin
Subcutaneous Oxyntomodulin Reduces Body Weight in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Four weeks of self-administered SC oxyntomodulin (three times daily before meals) reduced body weight by 2.3+/-0.4 kg vs 0.5+/-0.5 kg with placebo (p=0.0106).
View in Study Database2005Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
The study assessed IGF-I splice-variant responses and did not show a uniform increase in MGF expression across the tested conditions.
View in Study Database2004CART Peptide
CART peptide levels are altered by a mutation associated with obesity at codon 34
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In a cellular expression system, the Leu34Phe CARTPT variant altered CART peptide processing/levels, consistent with disrupted proCART cleavage near a basic-residue cluster. This is a cellular/mechanistic finding, NOT a direct human plasma/CSF measurement.
View in Study Database2004Leptin
Congenital Leptin Deficiency Due to Homozygosity for the Delta133G Mutation: Report of Another Case and Evaluation of Response to Four Years of Leptin Therapy
Human Studies & Clinical Datacase_report
4 years of subcutaneous recombinant methionyl leptin therapy provided additional evidence for the sustained beneficial effects of leptin replacement on fat mass, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia.
View in Study DatabaseDouble-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of intranasal PT-141 in men with erectile dysfunction
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intranasal PT-141 produced erectile responses in this early controlled study.
View in Study DatabaseElucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarray
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The paper identifies Cortagen as Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro and reports gene-expression changes in mouse heart.
View in Study Database2004Secretin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for CHIRHOSTIM (Secretin, Synthetic Human)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
ChiRhoStim (synthetic human secretin) has an amino-acid sequence identical to natural human secretin (27 residues: His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Glu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Leu-Arg-Glu-Gly-Ala-Arg-Leu-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly-Leu-Val-NH2), confirmed by its official FDA label. FDA-approved since April 2004 for pancreatic exocrine function testing, gastrinoma diagnosis, and aiding endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic/bile ducts.
View in Study Database2004Hepcidin-25
Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization
Human Studies & Clinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Hepcidin binds to ferroportin in cultured cells, causing its internalization and degradation and decreasing cellular iron export.
View in Study DatabaseKinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human dietary L-carnitine is absorbed with roughly 54-87% bioavailability depending on meal content; supplement-dose L-carnitine (0.5-6 g) is absorbed largely by passive transport with only about 14-18% bioavailability. Circulating carnitine distributes to a large slow-turnover compartment (muscle) and a smaller rapid-turnover compartment (liver, kidney, other tissues); whole-body turnover time is roughly 38-119 hours at normal dietary intake. Carnitine homeostasis is maintained by diet, modest endogenous synthesis, and efficient renal reabsorption.
View in Study Database2004Oxyntomodulin
Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In mice, oxyntomodulin's acute food-intake-suppressing effect depends specifically on the GLP-1 receptor, while other effects (heart rate, energy expenditure) appear GLP-1R-independent, suggesting glucagon-receptor mediation.
View in Study DatabasePralmorelin: GHRP 2, GPA 748, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2, KP-102 D, KP-102 LN, KP-102D, KP-102LN
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review of pralmorelin development, mechanism, diagnostic use, and discontinued therapeutic-development programs.
View in Study Database2004Prostamax
Prostamax effects on heterochromatin / human lymphocytes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Direct indexed work reports effects of Prostamax on chromatin organization in human lymphocyte preparations.
View in Study Database2004Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide in ischemic acute renal failure: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized trial tested recombinant human ANP in acute renal failure.
View in Study Database2004Adipotide
Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A vascular-homing peptide linked to a proapoptotic sequence reduced white adipose tissue and body weight in mice.
View in Study Database2004Sclerostin
Sclerostin is an osteocyte-expressed negative regulator of bone formation, but not a classical BMP antagonist
Human Study / Clinical Data
Sclerostin is expressed exclusively by osteocytes and inhibits osteoblast differentiation/mineralization in vitro, negatively regulating bone formation — shown NOT to act via classical BMP antagonism. Does not itself establish the specific Wnt/LRP5-LRP6 binding mechanism (a separate, unfrozen paper); this claim scope must not be extended to that mechanism.
View in Study Database2004Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Resistance loading combined with recombinant GH was associated with enhanced endogenous MGF mRNA expression.
View in Study Database2003Dermcidin
A neural survival factor is a candidate oncogene in breast cancer
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A dermcidin (DCD) transcript, encoding a distinct proteolytic product from the antimicrobial DCD-1/DCD-1L peptides, was found overexpressed in invasive breast carcinoma and lymph node metastases.
View in Study Database2003Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
A phase I study of AMGN-0007, a recombinant osteoprotegerin construct, in patients with multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma related bone metastases
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
CRITICAL FIREWALL SOURCE. AMGN-0007, the same engineered recombinant OPG-Fc fusion construct lineage as study-opg-cundy-2005-pmid16135836, studied in a randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation Phase I trial: N=28 multiple myeloma and N=26 breast-carcinoma patients with lytic bone lesions. A single SC dose produced rapid, sustained suppression of urinary NTX/creatinine (bone-resorption marker); 4 serious adverse events reported (3 breast-carcinoma, 1 myeloma). Classification: PRODUCT_SPECIFIC_EVIDENCE plus HISTORICAL_PROGRAM_CONTEXT (this oncology programme did not proceed to approval) — NOT DIRECT_NATIVE_HUMAN_INTERVENTION, NOT native unmodified OPG evidence. Cause of non-approval is not established by any available source; do not assert one.
View in Study Database2003Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
Arginine Vasopressin in Advanced Vasodilatory Shock: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Arginine vasopressin infusion produced measurable hemodynamic effects in advanced vasodilatory shock in a controlled human trial.
View in Study Database2003Human Beta-Defensin 3
Burkholderia Is Highly Resistant to Human Beta-Defensin 3
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Burkholderia species were found to be highly resistant to hBD-3.
View in Study Database2003GLP-2
Clinical Significance of GLP-2 in Short-Bowel Syndrome
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review summarizing the antisecretory, transit-modulating, and intestinotrophic effects of native GLP-2 and its potential clinical significance for short-bowel patients.
View in Study Database2003Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
Clinical Spectrum of Obesity and Mutations in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
29 probands (5.8%) had MC4R mutations (23 heterozygous, 6 homozygous); mutation carriers had severe obesity, increased lean mass, increased linear growth, hyperphagia, severe hyperinsulinemia, with genotype-phenotype severity correlation.
View in Study Database2003Motilin
Differential Effects of Motilin on Interdigestive Motility of the Human Gastric Antrum, Pylorus, Small Intestine and Gallbladder
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Motilin initiates antral phase III activity and gallbladder emptying and induces a prolonged refractory period for subsequent antral phase III (121±13 min vs. 30±13 min when a duodenal phase III preceded); small-intestinal phase IIIs and pyloric IPPWs are NOT affected by motilin.
View in Study Database2003Bradykinin
Direct biochemical evidence for eNOS stimulation by bradykinin in the human forearm vasculature
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bradykinin dose-dependently increased forearm blood flow and biochemical indices of NO production.
View in Study Database2003Orexin A
Distinct recognition of OX1 and OX2 receptors by orexin peptides
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Compared how Orexin A and Orexin B interact with OX1 and OX2 receptor subtypes, supporting distinct pharmacology.
View in Study DatabaseEffect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Epitalon did not change mean life span in this mouse experiment, although selected biomarkers and tumor outcomes were reported.
View in Study DatabaseEpithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Epithalon was reported to induce telomerase activity and telomere elongation in cultured human somatic cells.
View in Study Database2003Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Expression of IGF-I splice variants in young and old human skeletal muscle after high resistance exercise
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Human skeletal muscle expressed IGF-I splice variants, including the transcript historically called mechano growth factor, after resistance exercise, with age-related differences. The study measured endogenous expression and did not administer commercial MGF.
View in Study Database2003Hepcidin-25
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Reviews hepcidin's role as the iron-regulatory hormone and mediator of anemia of inflammation.
View in Study Database2003Hepcidin-25
Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acute-phase protein
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Urinary hepcidin excretion is greatly increased in patients with iron overload, infections, or inflammatory diseases, and correlates with serum ferritin.
View in Study DatabaseKPV anti-inflammatory comparison
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Inflammatory models — Analyzed KPV anti-inflammatory effects relative to other MSH peptides.
View in Study DatabaseLong R3 insulin-like growth factor-I enhances telomerase activity in human prostate cancer cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Long R3 IGF-I exposure increased telomerase-related activity in the studied prostate cancer cells.
View in Study Database2003Oxyntomodulin
Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV oxyntomodulin infusion significantly reduced buffet-meal energy intake (19.3+/-5.6%, p<0.01) and hunger scores.
View in Study Database2003Pancreatic Polypeptide
Pancreatic Polypeptide Reduces Appetite and Food Intake in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial; IV PP infusion (10 pmol/kg/min) reduced buffet-meal energy intake by 21.8+/-5.7% at 2 hours post-infusion (p<0.01).
View in Study DatabasePeptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
The publication reports survival associations after treatment with Thymalin and Epithalamin.
View in Study DatabaseVasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Reported pulmonary hemodynamic and clinical observations after inhaled VIP/aviptadil in a small study.
View in Study Database2002Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
A mutation in the gene TNFRSF11B encoding osteoprotegerin causes an idiopathic hyperphosphatasia phenotype
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Independent primary genetic identity paper: a TNFRSF11B mutation causes idiopathic hyperphosphatasia (juvenile Paget's disease), a second, independently-reported confirmation of OPG's necessity for normal bone-resorption restraint in humans.
View in Study DatabaseA synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
This foundational Argireline study supports related SNAP-25/SNARE cosmetic-peptide biology but evaluates a different hexapeptide.
View in Study Database2002Leptin
Beneficial Effects of Leptin on Obesity, T Cell Hyporesponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine/Metabolic Dysfunction of Human Congenital Leptin Deficiency
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Recombinant methionyl leptin replacement in congenital-leptin-deficient patients produced broader immune (T-cell hyporesponsiveness reversal) and neuroendocrine/metabolic benefits.
View in Study Database2002Hexarelin (Examorelin)
CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Identified CD36 (not GHS-R1a) as hexarelin's specific cardiac receptor; the cardiac effect was absent in CD36-null mice, establishing a GH-independent cardioprotective mechanism.
View in Study Database2002Orexin A
CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
Measured CSF hypocretin-1 concentrations and supported the association between low orexin signaling and narcolepsy-cataplexy.
View in Study Database2002Mechano Growth Factor E-Peptide
Different roles of the IGF-I Ec peptide (MGF) and mature IGF-I in myoblast proliferation and differentiation
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The synthetic E-domain peptide increased myoblast proliferation and inhibited terminal differentiation in the tested model.
View in Study Database2002Motilin
Dose-Related Effects of Motilin on Proximal Gastrointestinal Motility
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV synthetic human motilin (0.5/1/2/4 pmol.min/kg vs. placebo) produced a dose-related increase in antral contraction frequency, significant at 2 and 4 pmol.min/kg (a ceiling/plateau effect between the two higher doses); no changes in gastric myoelectrical activity were observed and gallbladder-volume changes were not statistically significant at these doses.
View in Study Database2002Secretin
Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Secretin: Effects on Aberrant Behavior in Children with Autism
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Secretin may not be an effective treatment option.
View in Study Database2002Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during by-pass surgery
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Prompt increase in ejection fraction, cardiac index, and cardiac output (all p<0.001), lasting up to 90 minutes, without a change in vascular resistance.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of insulin-like growth factor-I and its analogue, long-R3-IGF-I, on intestinal absorption of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Long R3 IGF-I increased intestinal glucose-analogue absorption, interpreted as likely reflecting increased mucosal mass.
View in Study Database2002Motilin
Effects of Motilin on Human Interdigestive Gastrointestinal and Gallbladder Motility, and Involvement of 5HT3 Receptors
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Motilin shortened the interval to phase III from 95.0 to 28.7 minutes vs. saline and decreased gallbladder volume within 10 minutes of infusion; the 5HT3 antagonist ondansetron partially blocked the phase III-shortening effect (interval increased to 39.3 min) but had no effect on gallbladder emptying.
View in Study Database2002Substance P
Effects of the neuropeptide substance P on sleep, mood, and neuroendocrine measures in healthy young men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Substance P worsened mood, altered sleep measures, and changed cortisol/TSH-related neuroendocrine measures in this controlled model.
View in Study DatabaseGeroprotective effect of Thymalin and Epithalamin
Human Studies & Clinical Dataobservational_study
The article reports lower mortality and fewer respiratory illnesses in treated groups over long follow-up.
View in Study Database2002Hexarelin (Examorelin)
GH-independent cardiotropic activities of hexarelin in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction due to dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Ejection fraction increased in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients but not dilated cardiomyopathy patients, despite similar GH release in both groups — suggesting direct myocardial stimulation distinct from GH release.
View in Study Database2002Peptide YY
Gut Hormone PYY3-36 Physiologically Inhibits Food Intake
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV infusion of PYY(3-36) at postprandial-range concentrations significantly decreased appetite and reduced 24-hour food intake by 33% vs. saline in human volunteers.
View in Study Database2002Human Beta-Defensin 1
Human beta-defensin 2 but not beta-defensin 1 is expressed preferentially in colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Unlike hBD-2, hBD-1 was NOT preferentially upregulated in the colonic mucosa of IBD patients.
View in Study Database2002Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Impact of two or three daily subcutaneous injections of hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, on 24-h GH, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study evaluated how repeated daily hexarelin exposure affected 24-hour GH, prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol secretion in healthy humans.
View in Study Database2002Secretin
Multiple Doses of Secretin in the Treatment of Autism: A Controlled Study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Multiple doses of secretin did not produce any symptomatic improvement.
View in Study Database2002Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Osteoprotegerin deficiency and juvenile Paget's disease
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Osteoprotegerin (OPG, TNFRSF11B gene product) deficiency causes juvenile Paget's disease, a rare autosomal-recessive disorder of markedly accelerated bone turnover — direct human genetic evidence establishing OPG's normal role restraining osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
View in Study DatabasePineal-regulating tetrapeptide Epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosa
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The article reports a positive clinical effect in a treated patient series and parallel animal findings, but the available abstract does not provide modern trial-design detail sufficient for confirmatory conclusions.
View in Study DatabaseThe delayed effect of Cortagen on restoration of injured nerve function
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study evaluated delayed functional recovery after Cortagen exposure in injured nerves.
View in Study Database2001Angiotensin-(1-7)
Angiotensin-(1-7) does not affect vasodilator or TPA responses to bradykinin in human forearm
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
This human forearm study did not confirm potentiation of bradykinin vasodilator or tPA responses.
View in Study Database2001Angiotensin-(1-7)
Angiotensin(1-7) potentiates bradykinin-induced vasodilatation in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Ang-(1-7) potentiated bradykinin vasodilation in human forearm resistance vessels.
View in Study Database2001C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
C-type natriuretic peptide-induced vasodilation is dependent on hyperpolarization in human forearm resistance vessels
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human CNP vasodilation was studied with mechanistic blockade, supporting a hyperpolarization-related component.
View in Study Database2001Dermcidin
Dermcidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Discovery of dermcidin, constitutively expressed and secreted by human eccrine sweat glands, proteolytically processed into the 47-aa DCD-1 peptide with broad, salt- and pH-stable antimicrobial activity.
View in Study Database2001AOD-9604
Fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
AOD exposure — Reported reduced weight gain and increased fat oxidation.
View in Study Database2001Ghrelin
Ghrelin Enhances Appetite and Increases Food Intake in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV acylated ghrelin infusion (5.0 pmol/kg/min) significantly increased mean energy consumed from a free-choice buffet by 28% vs. saline (p<0.001), with no effect on gastric emptying (paracetamol absorption test).
View in Study Database2001GLP-2
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Improves Nutrient Absorption and Nutritional Status in Short-Bowel Patients with No Colon
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Subcutaneous native/recombinant human GLP-2 over 5 weeks improved intestinal nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel-syndrome patients with impaired postprandial GLP-2 secretion.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione conjugation as a bioactivation reaction
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Glutathione conjugation is not universally detoxifying -- in some cases GST-catalyzed conjugation participates in bioactivation of the conjugated substrate rather than its elimination.
View in Study Database2001Human Beta-Defensin 3
Identification of a novel, multifunctional beta-defensin (human beta-defensin 3) with specific antimicrobial activity
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
hBD-3 shows antimicrobial activity against named organisms including activity relevant to Burkholderia cepacia (CONTESTED, see PMID 12709350); separately shows monocyte chemoattraction and ion-channel activity.
View in Study Database2001AOD-9604
Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
AOD9604 reduced body-weight gain and increased fat oxidation and lipolysis in obese mice. Unlike intact hGH in this model, it did not bind the hGH receptor or induce hGH-receptor-mediated cell proliferation.
View in Study Database2001Sclerostin
Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A loss-of-function mutation in SOST, encoding sclerostin, causes sclerosteosis, a rare human disorder of markedly increased bone density — direct human genetic evidence for sclerostin as a negative regulator of bone formation. This paper's subject is sclerosteosis specifically, not Van Buchem disease.
View in Study DatabaseInsulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and long R3IGF-I differently affect development and messenger ribonucleic acid abundance for IGF-binding proteins and type I IGF receptors in in vitro produced bovine embryos
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Native IGF-I and Long R3 IGF-I had differing effects on bovine embryo development and on IGFBP/IGF-receptor mRNA abundance, consistent with Long R3 IGF-I's altered IGFBP-binding behavior.
View in Study Database2001Human Beta-Defensin 3
Isolation and characterization of human beta-defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
hBD-3 was isolated from psoriatic skin and shows salt-insensitive antimicrobial activity against multiple organisms tested, including multidrug-resistant S. aureus.
View in Study Database2001Hepcidin-25
Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Hepcidin-deficient (Usf2 knockout) mice develop severe multivisceral iron overload.
View in Study Database2001CART Peptide
Mutational Screening of the CART Gene in Obese Children: Identifying a Mutation (Leu34Phe) Associated With Reduced Resting Energy Expenditure and Cosegregating With Obesity Phenotype in a Large Family
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Leu34Phe CARTPT variant found heterozygous in one obese boy, cosegregated with severe obesity across three generations in his family (not found in controls); proband and mother had resting metabolic rates 14% and 16% below expected.
View in Study Database2001Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Plasma AGRP significantly higher in obese men than nonobese men (p<0.01); correlated with visceral fat area, total fat area, fasting insulin, glucose infusion rate, serum leptin, and plasma alpha-MSH, independent of total fat area.
View in Study DatabaseSemax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A comparative Russian study examined Semax in glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone. Small sample size and older reporting standards limit generalizability.
View in Study Database2001AOD-9604
The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta3-adrenergic receptor-knockout mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Chronic AOD9604 exposure was evaluated for body-weight and lipid-metabolism effects in mouse models.
View in Study Database2000AOD-9604
AOD9604, a fragment of human growth hormone, reduces body weight and increases lipolysis in obese Zucker rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
AOD9604 was associated with reduced weight gain and altered fat metabolism in obese rats.
View in Study Database2000Bradykinin
Bradykinin stimulates tissue plasminogen activator release from human forearm vasculature through B2 receptor-dependent, NO synthase-independent, and cyclooxygenase-independent pathway
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bradykinin caused vasodilation and stimulated endothelial tPA release; B2 receptor antagonism attenuated both.
View in Study Database2000Lypressin
Diapid (Lypressin Nasal Solution USP) Nasal Spray; Withdrawal of Approval of a New Drug Application — Federal Register Notice
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Diapid (Lypressin Nasal Solution USP), NDA 16-755, applicant Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. Withdrawal notice issued March 7, 2000, effective April 19, 2000, quoted verbatim: 'the drug products were no longer marketed and requested that the approval of the applications be withdrawn.'
View in Study Database2000Angiotensin I
Effect of ACE inhibition on pressor, renal vascular, and adrenal responses to infusion of angiotensin I in normal subjects eating a low-salt diet
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
ACE inhibition abolished the pressor/aldosterone response to low/mid-dose Angiotensin I; only the highest dose (30 ng/kg/min) still raised plasma Angiotensin II and produced a pressor/aldosterone response, tracking the residual Angiotensin II formed — i.e., Angiotensin I's measured effects are mediated entirely through ACE-dependent conversion to Angiotensin II.
View in Study DatabaseEffect of tetrapeptide Cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The authors reported increased growth rate and conduction velocity in regenerating nerve fibers.
View in Study DatabaseEvaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug Semax in optic nerve disease
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A controlled comparative Russian study evaluated Semax in optic nerve disease. Small sample size and older reporting standards limit generalizability.
View in Study Database2000GHRP-6
GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-6 for diagnostic testing in GH-deficient adults
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study evaluated combined GHRH and GHRP-6 as a provocative diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency.
View in Study Database2000Adrenomedullin
Haemodynamic and hormonal effects of adrenomedullin in patients with pulmonary hypertension
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Infusion increased cardiac index and reduced pulmonary vascular resistance/systemic pressure; aldosterone decreased.
View in Study Database2000Adrenomedullin
Hemodynamic, hormonal, and renal effects of short-term adrenomedullin infusion in healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Acute infusion increased cardiac output and heart rate, lowered diastolic pressure, stimulated renin/norepinephrine/prolactin, and did not significantly increase natriuresis.
View in Study Database2000Adrenomedullin
Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of adrenomedullin infusion in patients with congestive heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Acute infusion increased cardiac index, reduced filling pressure and arterial pressure, and increased urine/sodium excretion; aldosterone fell in CHF patients.
View in Study Database2000Orexin A
Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Demonstrated that hypocretin-1 can alter REM sleep through arousal-circuit mechanisms in animals.
View in Study Database2000Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)
Identification of a novel FGF, FGF-21, preferentially expressed in the liver
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Human and mouse FGF21 cDNA identified and characterized; FGF21 is preferentially expressed in the liver.
View in Study Database2000B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Nesiritide improved short-term hemodynamic measures and clinical status under trial protocol.
View in Study Database2000Hepcidin-25
LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Original isolation of the 25-residue, four-disulfide-bond peptide LEAP-1 (Hepcidin-25) from human blood ultrafiltrate, predominantly expressed in liver and heart, with dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast.
View in Study Database2000Ornipressin
Ornipressin (Por 8): An efficient alternative to counteract hypotension during combined general/epidural anesthesia
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Ornipressin restored blood pressure in 8±2 minutes (comparable to norepinephrine's 7±3 minutes, faster than dopamine's 11±3 minutes) without major ischemic side effects or ECG (S-T segment) changes at this low, short-duration surgical-adjunct dose.
View in Study Database2000Adiponectin
Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Plasma adiponectin lower in T2DM patients than non-diabetic subjects (6.6 vs 7.9 ug/mL men; 7.6 vs 11.7 ug/mL women, both p<0.01).
View in Study Database2000Secretin
Secretin and Autism: A Two-Part Clinical Investigation
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Secretin produced few clinically meaningful changes when compared to children given placebo injections.
View in Study Database1999Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Hexarelin raised left ventricular ejection fraction from 64.0% to 70.7% (p<0.03), a GH-independent effect; rhGH alone had no cardiac effect.
View in Study Database1999Human Beta-Defensin 2
Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6
Human Studies & Clinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Human beta-defensins are chemotactic for immature dendritic cells and memory T cells via CCR6.
View in Study Database1999Leptin
Effects of Recombinant Leptin Therapy in a Child with Congenital Leptin Deficiency
Human Studies & Clinical Datacase_report
Subcutaneous recombinant methionyl leptin (once daily) produced reversal of severe early-onset obesity phenotype, reduced food intake and body fat.
View in Study DatabaseGlutathione S-transferases--a review
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review of GST-catalyzed conjugation of GSH to electrophilic substrates, generally supporting downstream metabolism/excretion.
View in Study DatabaseIpamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Ipamorelin stimulated GH release and induced longitudinal bone growth in rats via tibial growth-plate measurement.
View in Study Database1999Ornipressin
Long-term therapy and retreatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with ornipressin and dopamine
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
HRS reverted in 4/7 patients after 5-27 days.
View in Study Database1999Adiponectin
Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Circulating adiponectin is paradoxically lower, not higher, in individuals with obesity compared to non-obese individuals.
View in Study DatabasePharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Five escalating 15-minute intravenous infusion rates; approximately two-hour pharmacokinetic half-life.
View in Study Database1999Leptin
Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose-Escalation Trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A statistically significant dose-dependent group-level weight-loss signal (up to -7.1 kg at the highest dose, 0.30 mg/kg, at 24 weeks, P=.01; fat loss >95% of weight loss at the two highest doses), but with enormous individual-level variability (SD 8.5 kg on a 7.1 kg mean at the highest dose) -- many individual subjects had little or no response. Injection-site reactions were the most common adverse effect.
View in Study DatabaseSermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Sustained height-velocity increase in GH-deficient children, though inferior to direct somatropin therapy; well tolerated, main adverse effects were facial flushing and injection-site pain. Also reviewed diagnostic use, noting fewer false positives than other provocative GH tests.
View in Study Database1999Somatostatin
Somatostatin Infusion Withdrawal: Studies in Normal Children and in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Withdrawal of a somatostatin infusion produced a marked rebound GH rise in normal children (13.7±1.0 microg/L) vs. minimal rebound in GH-deficient (1.6±0.4 microg/L) and neurosecretory-dysfunction (2.4±0.3 microg/L) children, fully discriminating the groups.
View in Study Database1999Substance P
Substance P-induced vasodilatation is mediated by the neurokinin type 1 receptor but does not contribute to basal vascular tone in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Substance P-induced vasodilation in human forearm was strongly inhibited by an NK1 receptor antagonist, supporting NK1 mediation.
View in Study Database1999B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Sustained hemodynamic effects of an infusion of nesiritide (human B-type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Nesiritide produced sustained acute hemodynamic effects in heart failure.
View in Study Database1999Histatin-5
The cellular target of histatin 5 on Candida albicans is the energized mitochondrion
Human Studies & Clinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Histatin-5 targets the energized mitochondrion in Candida albicans, causing loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential after cellular uptake.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin alpha 1 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a phase III randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The phase III trial did not confirm the efficacy signals reported in some earlier studies; response differences were not statistically conclusive.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Topical/intraperitoneal Tβ4 — Increased re-epithelialization and wound contraction in rat model.
View in Study Database1998Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
A C-Terminal Fragment of Agouti-Related Protein Increases Feeding and Antagonizes the Effect of Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in Vivo
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
AgRP(83-132), a C-terminal fragment of AgRP, given ICV to rats (1 nmol) increased 24h food intake (32.9+/-2.3g vs 23.0+/-1.4g saline, p<0.05) and antagonized the effect of alpha-MSH.
View in Study Database1998Angiotensin I
Dissociation between the renal effects of angiotensin I and II in sodium-restricted normal subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II produce dissociable renal effects under sodium restriction — direct evidence that Angiotensin I's renal actions are not a simple proxy for Angiotensin II's.
View in Study Database1998C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
Effects of intravenously administered C-type natriuretic peptide in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV CNP caused transient blood-pressure reduction, increased heart rate, and measurable diuretic/natriuretic effects.
View in Study Database1998Somatropin
Exercise capacity and hormonal response in adults with childhood onset growth hormone deficiency during long-term somatropin treatment
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Significant improvement in exercise capacity, sustained long-term; benefit declined after stopping treatment.
View in Study Database1998GHRP-6
Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GHRH-antagonist pretreatment reduced peak GH response from 33.8 to 6.2 mcg/L, confirming GHRH dependency for maximal effect.
View in Study Database1998Human Beta-Defensin 2
Human beta-defensin 2 is a salt-sensitive peptide antibiotic expressed in human lung
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
hBD-2 is expressed in human lung airway epithelium; its antibacterial activity is salt-sensitive, markedly reduced at physiological airway salt concentrations, and synergistic with lysozyme and lactoferrin.
View in Study Database1998Human Beta-Defensin 1
Human beta-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
hBD-1 mRNA and peptide are expressed constitutively in human kidney and female reproductive tract epithelium; the classically-folded (oxidized) peptide is antimicrobial against E. coli.
View in Study Database1998Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Human neuropeptide Y potentiates alpha1-adrenergic blood pressure responses in vivo
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Subpressor human NPY potentiated alpha1-adrenergic pressor responses, demonstrating systemic vascular interaction in vivo.
View in Study DatabaseIpamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Preclinical in vitro and in vivo pharmacology experiments described high growth-hormone-releasing potency and comparative hormone selectivity.
View in Study Database1998C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
Low-dose C-type natriuretic peptide does not affect cardiac and renal function in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Low-dose CNP did not materially change cardiac/renal function under protocol.
View in Study Database1998Orexin A
Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Identified orexin A and B as endogenous ligands for two receptors and described hypothalamic expression and feeding-related effects.
View in Study Database1998Ornipressin
Reversibility of hepatorenal syndrome by prolonged administration of ornipressin and plasma volume expansion
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
15-day treatment produced marked improvement in renal function (normalized creatinine, increased renal plasma flow/GFR); 3-day treatment normalized RAAS/sympathetic overactivity with only slight renal improvement.
View in Study Database1998Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Complete POMC loss-of-function causes red hair pigmentation, early-onset obesity, and congenital hypocortisolism -- establishing the human POMC-deficiency phenotype. This is precursor-context evidence, not direct alpha-MSH measurement.
View in Study Database1998Orexin A
The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Independently described hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2 as hypothalamic neuroexcitatory peptides.
View in Study DatabaseThymosin alpha 1 in chronic hepatitis B: randomized clinical study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study evaluated delayed virologic and biochemical responses after a thymosin alpha 1 course.
View in Study Database1998Cholecystokinin
Untangling the Effects of Hunger, Anxiety, and Nausea on Energy Intake During Intravenous Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (CCK-8) Infusion
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV CCK-8 (20-minute infusion) reduced energy intake, but the effect was statistically confounded with concurrent nausea and anxiety ratings, raising the possibility some or all of the apparent satiety effect reflects an aversive response rather than a pure satiety mechanism.
View in Study Database1997Human Beta-Defensin 2
A peptide antibiotic from human skin
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Original isolation of hBD-2 from psoriatic skin, showing broad antibacterial activity against multiple organisms as tested.
View in Study Database1997Adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: a hypotensive hormone in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV human Adrenomedullin reduced arterial pressure at studied doses; renal/electrolyte effects were limited under the protocol.
View in Study Database1997Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Age-related variations in the neuroendocrine response to hexarelin
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study evaluated how age influenced hormonal responses to hexarelin.
View in Study Database1997Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human AGRP cDNA identified; recombinant AgRP is a potent, selective antagonist of MC3R and MC4R melanocortin receptors in vitro. Ubiquitous expression of human AGRP in transgenic mice caused obesity without altering pigmentation.
View in Study DatabaseCobalamin-dependent methionine synthase is a modular protein with distinct regions for binding homocysteine, methyltetrahydrofolate, cobalamin, and adenosylmethionine
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Methionine synthase transfers the methyl group from bound methylcobalamin to homocysteine, producing methionine and cob(I)alamin; the cobalamin cofactor is then remethylated by methyltetrahydrofolate. The paper experimentally dissects enzyme regions involved in homocysteine, methyltetrahydrofolate, cobalamin, and adenosylmethionine handling. Strong direct mechanistic support for the methylcobalamin -> methionine synthase -> homocysteine-to-methionine pathway.
View in Study DatabaseEffectiveness of Semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
An older Russian human study in the acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke reported effects associated with Semax. The report is small, geographically concentrated, and incompletely reported by modern trial-design standards; FDA's 2026 review found human evidence insufficient for cerebral ischemia.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of GHRP-2 and hexarelin, two synthetic GH-releasing peptides, on GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol levels in man. Comparison with the effects of GHRH, TRH and hCRH
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GHRP-2 and hexarelin produced strong GH responses and also increased prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol, demonstrating incomplete endocrine selectivity.
View in Study DatabaseEndocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Activated the somatotropic axis in both sexes; men gained lean mass (+1.26kg) and improved insulin sensitivity, libido, and well-being; women showed minimal metabolic gains beyond increased skin thickness. Only adverse effect was transient elevated cholesterol.
View in Study DatabaseFDA Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals — Sermorelin acetate / Geref
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA records Geref (sermorelin acetate) as approved on September 26, 1997 for the designated pediatric growth-hormone-deficiency context.
View in Study Database1997GHRP-6
Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GH response to GHRP-6 was unaltered in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes; synergy with GHRH was preserved. Included here as a neutral finding rather than a cherry-picked positive result.
View in Study Database1997Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Hexarelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, discloses protectant activity against cardiovascular damage in rats with isolated growth hormone deficiency
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Fully restored somatotropic function and reversed cardiac/endothelial dysfunction.
View in Study DatabaseIGF-I variants which bind poorly to IGF-binding proteins show more potent and prolonged hypoglycaemic action than native IGF-I in pigs and marmoset monkeys
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
IGF-I analogues with reduced IGF-binding-protein affinity, including Long R3 IGF-I-type variants, produced more potent and prolonged hypoglycemia than native IGF-I in animal models.
View in Study DatabaseLong [R3] insulin-like growth factor-I reduces growth and plasma IGF binding protein-3 concentrations in growing pigs
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Long R3 IGF-I is an engineered IGF-I analog with altered IGF-binding-protein interactions. Sustained exposure in pigs altered growth, food intake, and circulating IGF-system measures.
View in Study DatabaseNatural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The review discusses Thymalin, Thymogen, and other thymic preparations as distinct products.
View in Study DatabaseThe somatotropic axis in neonatal calves can be modulated by nutrition, growth hormone, and Long-R3-IGF-I
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Long R3 IGF-I administration modulated somatotropic-axis (GH/IGF) parameters in neonatal calves alongside nutrition and growth hormone.
View in Study Database1996CART Peptide
Characterization of the human cDNA and genomic DNA encoding CART: a cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Characterization of the human CARTPT cDNA and genomic DNA, establishing the human molecular identity of CART.
View in Study Database1996Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Intranasal administration of neuropeptide Y in man: systemic absorption and functional effects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intranasal NPY was systemically absorbed and produced measurable functional effects in healthy humans.
View in Study DatabaseOnce daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The trial reported accelerated growth during the first year in children with GH deficiency.
View in Study DatabaseSuperior potency of infused IGF-I analogues which bind poorly to IGF-binding proteins is maintained when administered by injection
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Low-IGFBP-affinity IGF-I analogues retained superior potency relative to native IGF-I whether delivered by continuous infusion or bolus injection.
View in Study Database1995Urodilatin
[Urodilatin. Use of a new peptide in intensive care]
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
German-language discussion of Urodilatin's clinical use in intensive-care settings.
View in Study Database1995FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23)
A gene (PEX) with homologies to endopeptidases is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Primary gene-discovery paper: loss-of-function mutations in PHEX (formerly PEX) cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). PHEX itself is a distinct gene from FGF23; this paper establishes the genetic cause of XLH, not a mutation in FGF23 itself. In XLH, FGF23 activity subsequently becomes pathologically excessive as a downstream consequence (see Crysvita label mechanism context), driving renal phosphate wasting.
View in Study Database1995Adiponectin
A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Discovery of Acrp30 (now known as adiponectin): a 30 kDa protein produced exclusively by adipocytes, structurally similar to complement factor C1q, induced >100-fold during adipocyte differentiation.
View in Study DatabaseAdministration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) peptides selectively stimulates growth of the gastrointestinal tract in gut-resected, dexamethasone-treated, and normal rats
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
IGF-I peptides, including Long R3 IGF-I, selectively stimulated gastrointestinal tissue growth in multiple rat models.
View in Study Database1995GHRP-6
Blocked growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GHRP-6's action is exerted primarily at the hypothalamic level, not directly at the pituitary.
View in Study Database1995B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Brain natriuretic peptide: effect on left ventricular filling patterns in healthy subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
BNP infusion altered indices of left ventricular relaxation/filling.
View in Study Database1995Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
Characterisation of melanocortin receptor subtypes by radioligand binding analysis
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
MC1R and MC5R showed relatively higher binding affinity for native alpha-MSH than for gamma-MSH/beta-MSH; MC3R showed a different ligand preference, with comparatively greater affinity for other melanocortins than for alpha-MSH. This is a binding-only study and does not independently establish downstream (e.g. cAMP) functional activation for any receptor.
View in Study Database1995Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Comparison of the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and hexarelin on growth hormone secretion in humans with or without glucocorticoid excess
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Hexarelin produced a comparable GH response in both groups, unlike the blunted GHRH-alone response seen in glucocorticoid excess.
View in Study Database1995Gastrin
Effect of Human Gastrin-17 With and Without Acid Suppression on Human Esophageal Motility
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Infusion of human Gastrin-17 caused a significant increase of lower esophageal sphincter pressure from 19.0 to 25.8 mmHg (p<0.05, low dose) and from 18.5 to 23.3 mmHg (p<0.05, high dose), with and without acid suppression.
View in Study Database1995GHRP-6
Growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP-6) stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover in human pituitary somatotroph cells
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
GHRP-6 stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover and GH secretion in the cultured human pituitary cells, supporting a PKC/Ca2+-linked mechanism.
View in Study Database1995GHRP-6
Growth hormone-releasing effect of oral growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) administration in children with short stature
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
GH response comparable to GHRH; synergistic effect observed with oral arginine.
View in Study Database1995Human Beta-Defensin 1
hBD-1: a novel beta-defensin from human plasma
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Original isolation and characterization of hBD-1 as a novel beta-defensin from human plasma: a 36-residue peptide with six cysteines forming three intramolecular disulfide bonds.
View in Study DatabaseLong R3 insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) infusion stimulates organ growth but reduces circulating IGF-I in the guinea pig
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The study describes Long R3 IGF-I as an IGF-I analog with much reduced affinity for IGF-binding proteins and demonstrates potent organ-growth effects in guinea pigs.
View in Study Database1995CART Peptide
PCR differential display identifies a rat brain mRNA that is transcriptionally regulated by cocaine and amphetamine
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Original discovery of CART: a rat brain mRNA transcriptionally upregulated ~4-5 fold by acute cocaine or amphetamine administration in the striatum.
View in Study Database1995Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP)
Probing the bimolecular interactions of parathyroid hormone and the human parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor. 2. Cloning, characterization, and photoaffinity labeling of the recombinant human receptor
Human Study / Clinical Data
Direct study of PTHrP binding to the shared human PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R), establishing that PTHrP activates the same receptor as PTH despite arising from a distinct gene.
View in Study Database1995Cholecystokinin
Satiety Effects of a Physiological Dose of Cholecystokinin in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV native CCK-33 at a physiological dose reduced ad-libitum food intake in human subjects.
View in Study Database1994Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
Binding and cAMP studies of melanotropin peptides with the cloned human peripheral melanocortin receptor, hMC1R
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Native alpha-MSH bound the cloned human MC1R with IC50 approximately 6.5 +/- 0.9 x 10^-9 M and functionally activated cAMP production with EC50 approximately 2.0 +/- 0.6 x 10^-9 M. This paper also tested MT-I/NDP-alpha-MSH and MT-II in the same assay system, but this record is scoped strictly to the native alpha-MSH arm.
View in Study Database1994B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Cardiovascular and renal effects of low dose brain natriuretic peptide infusion in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Low-dose human BNP increased renal plasma flow, GFR, urine flow, and sodium excretion without major systemic hemodynamic change.
View in Study Database1994Bradykinin
Effect of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine on kinin-induced vasodilation in the human forearm
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bradykinin increased forearm blood flow; NOS inhibition partially attenuated the response.
View in Study Database1994Hexarelin (Examorelin)
Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in humans. A dose-response study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The study evaluated acute, dose-related growth-hormone responses to hexarelin in humans.
View in Study Database1994Bradykinin
Local L-NG-monomethyl-arginine attenuates the vasodilator action of bradykinin in the human forearm
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bradykinin produced dose-dependent forearm vasodilation, attenuated by NOS inhibition.
View in Study Database1994Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH)
Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a fifth melanocortin receptor
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Mouse MC5R (mMC5R) responded to melanocortin peptides with increased intracellular cAMP. Potency hierarchy: alpha-MSH > beta-MSH > ACTH > gamma-MSH, with native alpha-MSH the most potent agonist tested at this mouse receptor.
View in Study Database1994Cholecystokinin
Satiety Effects of Cholecystokinin in Humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV native CCK-33 at physiological-range doses significantly reduced hunger and 'wish to eat' ratings vs. saline.
View in Study DatabaseTreatment with GHRH(1-29)NH2 in children with idiopathic short stature induces a sustained increase in growth velocity
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Sermorelin (GHRH(1-29)-NH2) treatment produced a sustained increase in growth velocity in children with idiopathic short stature.
View in Study Database1994C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)
Vasodilatory effects of C-type natriuretic peptide on forearm resistance vessels are distinct from those of atrial natriuretic peptide in chronic heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
CNP produced local vasodilatory effects distinguishable from ANP.
View in Study Database1993AOD-9604
A synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of human growth hormone inhibits lipogenesis in rat adipose tissue
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
A peptide corresponding to the hGH 177-191 region showed antilipogenic effects in rat experimental systems.
View in Study Database1993Parathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
Cloning and functional expression of a human parathyroid hormone receptor
Human Study / Clinical Data
Primary cloning and functional expression of the human PTH1 receptor (PTH1R), a G-protein-coupled receptor also engaged by PTHrP.
View in Study Database1993Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
Effect of chronic low-dose arginine vasopressin infusion on body fluid homoeostasis during adaptation from a high- to a low-sodium diet in normal man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Constant low-dose AVP infusion (6 fmol/min/kg) blunted the natural diuresis and blunted the rise in plasma renin activity that otherwise accompanies dietary sodium restriction.
View in Study Database1993Cholecystokinin
Effects of a Physiological Dose of Cholecystokinin on Food Intake and Postprandial Satiation in Man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Food intake (486±52 g) was slightly, but not significantly decreased (553±55 g after saline), and hunger and fullness feelings after eating were unaffected, in both groups. CCK-33 infusion to plasma levels comparable to a fatty meal does not have a major effect on food intake and postprandial hunger feelings.
View in Study Database1993AOD-9604
Effects of the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone on glucose transport in rat adipocytes
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
The hGH C-terminal fragment was evaluated for effects on glucose transport in rat fat cells.
View in Study DatabaseGrowth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 for stimulation of growth in children with GH deficiency
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In children with hypothalamic growth hormone deficiency, GHRH(1-29)-NH2 treatment stimulated growth, providing direct historical human therapeutic evidence.
View in Study DatabaseGrowth response to growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 compared with growth hormone
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In prepubertal children with hypothalamic GHD, higher-dose GHRH(1-29)-NH2 increased height velocity comparably to GH on some measures, although GH was superior on at least one bone-age-adjusted height measure.
View in Study Database1993Gastrin
In Man Histamine and Muscarinergic Mechanisms Are Essential Mediators of Acid Secretion in Response to Synthetic Human Gastrin (1-17)
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Histamine and muscarinic mechanisms are essential mediators of gastrin-stimulated acid secretion, shown via IV native/synthetic human Gastrin(1-17).
View in Study DatabasePharmacokinetics of growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 and stimulation of growth hormone secretion in healthy subjects after intravenous or intranasal administration
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Characterized pharmacokinetics of GHRH(1-29)-NH2 and GH-secretion response after intravenous versus intranasal administration in healthy subjects.
View in Study Database1993Angiotensin II
Pressor doses of angiotensin II increase insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normotensive men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Angiotensin II co-infusion increased whole-body glucose uptake by 15% and glucose oxidation by 25% over insulin alone — a secondary/tertiary metabolic finding, not weighted as core cardiovascular/renal evidence.
View in Study Database1992Angiotensin II
Dose-response study of the redistribution of intravascular volume by angiotensin II in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Dose-dependent rise in total peripheral resistance, progressive fall in cardiac output, and a stepwise fall in renal blood flow with increasing angiotensin II infusion rate.
View in Study DatabaseEffects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small double-blind matched-pairs study reported limited changes in sleep measures, with results not sufficient for firm clinical conclusions.
View in Study DatabaseGrowth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29) twice daily reverses the decreased GH and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in old men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Repeated GHRH(1-29) administration increased GH and IGF-1 levels in older men, demonstrating endocrine activity but not establishing anti-aging, body-composition, or longevity efficacy.
View in Study Database1992Substance P
Intravenously infused substance P enhances basal and growth hormone releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion in normal men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Higher-dose SP infusion increased GH secretion and enhanced GH response to GHRH.
View in Study Database1992Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction during neuropeptide Y infusion in healthy humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
NPY produced splanchnic and renal vasoconstrictor effects in humans.
View in Study Database1992Substance P
Stimulation of ACTH/cortisol by intravenously infused substance P in normal men: inhibition by sodium valproate
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Higher SP doses increased ACTH/cortisol in a dose-dependent fashion.
View in Study Database1991Histatin-5
Anticandidal activity of major human salivary histatins
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Histatin-5 shows the most potent anticandidal (killing and germination-inhibition) activity among Histatin-1, -3, and -5 in direct, isoform-resolved comparison.
View in Study Database1991Angiotensin II
Effect of a pressor infusion of angiotensin II on sympathetic activity and heart rate in normal humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Both angiotensin II and phenylephrine significantly raised mean arterial pressure (angiotensin II: 88±9.6 to 103±14 mmHg, P<0.001); heart rate fell only with phenylephrine, not angiotensin II; plasma norepinephrine/spillover was unaffected by either infusion.
View in Study Database1991Alpha-CGRP
Prolonged effect of CGRP in Raynaud's patients: a double-blind randomised comparison with prostacyclin
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human Alpha-CGRP increased hand skin blood flow and improved thermographic rewarming after infusion compared with prostacyclin under the protocol.
View in Study DatabaseThe hair follicle-stimulating properties of peptide copper complexes: results in C3H mice
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Broader peptide-copper-complex research reported hair-follicle stimulation in mice.
View in Study Database1990Parathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
Cloning and sequence analysis of the human parathyroid hormone gene region
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Primary cloning and sequence analysis of the human PTH gene region, establishing the gene encoding native intact PTH(1-84).
View in Study Database1990Gonadorelin Acetate
Efficacy and safety of intravenous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in hypothalamic amenorrhea
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In a multicenter program of 109 women with primary or secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea, intravenous pulsatile gonadorelin (Lutrepulse) produced ovulation in 91% and 96% of patients respectively, with efficacy considered comparable to human menopausal gonadotropins.
View in Study Database1990Alpha-CGRP
The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on human forearm blood flow
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
CGRP produced dose-dependent forearm/cutaneous vasodilation and systemic hemodynamic effects.
View in Study DatabaseThymalin as an adjunct in therapeutically resistant psychiatric patients with immune abnormalities
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The older report describes Thymalin used with other treatment and changes in selected clinical and immune measures.
View in Study Database1990Urodilatin
Urodilatin, a natriuretic factor from kidneys, can modify renal and cardiovascular function in men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Urodilatin's renal (diuretic/natriuretic) effects were more potent per microgram than circulating ANF-(99-126); cardiovascular (blood-pressure-lowering) effect emerged only at the highest dose; plasma renin/aldosterone/catecholamines were unchanged.
View in Study Database1990Osteocalcin
Validation of the bone Gla protein (osteocalcin) assay
Human Study / Clinical Data
Primary assay-validation work addressing measurement of the carboxylated (Gla) form of osteocalcin specifically; different immunoassays have differing specificity for carboxylated versus total/undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a documented source of cross-study variability.
View in Study Database1989Alpha-CGRP
A comparison of the effects of human alpha calcitonin gene-related peptide and glyceryl trinitrate on regional blood velocity in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV human Alpha-CGRP produced prominent tachycardia and regional vascular effects with little/no blood-pressure fall at the studied infusion target.
View in Study Database1989Calcitonin
Alternative production of calcitonin and CGRP mRNA is regulated at the calcitonin-specific splice acceptor
Human Study / Clinical Data
Tissue-specific alternative splicing of the CALCA gene transcript produces calcitonin mRNA in thyroid parafollicular (C) cells and CGRP mRNA in neurons — two distinct mature peptide hormones from one gene.
View in Study Database1989Gonadorelin Acetate
FDA orphan-drug designation and approval record for gonadorelin acetate (Lutrepulse)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
FDA records document marketing approval on October 10, 1989 for induction of ovulation in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea due to deficient or absent endogenous GnRH secretion.
View in Study Database1989Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) infused intravenously is insulinotropic in the fasting state in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV GIP infusion in the fasting state is insulinotropic in people with type 2 diabetes.
View in Study Database1989Neurotensin
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of neurotensin in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intact NT showed rapid clearance and peripheral extraction; the study distinguished intact NT from N-terminal metabolites.
View in Study Database1989Urodilatin
Urodilatin: a newly described member of the ANP family
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review of Urodilatin as a distinct member of the ANP peptide family, distinguishing it from circulating ANP.
View in Study Database1988Somatostatin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for SANDOSTATIN (Octreotide Acetate) Injection
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Octreotide (Sandostatin), a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, FDA-approved since 1988: (1) to reduce GH/IGF-1 in acromegaly patients with inadequate response to surgery/irradiation/bromocriptine; (2) for symptomatic treatment of severe diarrhea and flushing associated with metastatic carcinoid tumors; (3) for profuse watery diarrhea associated with VIP-secreting tumors (VIPomas). Label states verbatim: 'Improvement in clinical signs and symptoms, or reduction in tumor size or rate of growth, were not shown in clinical trials performed with Sandostatin Injection; these trials were not optimally designed to detect such effects.' Label-documented adverse-event rates: bradycardia in 25% of acromegalic patients; biliary abnormalities in 63% of chronic users (52% at 12+ months); hyperglycemia in 16%/hypoglycemia in 3%; hypothyroidism in 12%.
View in Study Database1988Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Hemodynamic effects of alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide in healthy volunteers
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Direct alpha-hANP administration produced measurable acute hemodynamic effects in healthy volunteers.
View in Study Database1988Histatin-5
Histatins, a novel family of histidine-rich proteins in human parotid secretion. Isolation, characterization, primary structure, and fungistatic effects on Candida albicans
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Discovery of the histatin family (Histatin-1, -3, -5) in human parotid secretion, with fungistatic effects on Candida albicans.
View in Study Database1988Urodilatin
Isolation and structural analysis of 'Urodilatin', a new peptide of the cardiodilatin-(ANP)-family, extracted from human urine
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Original isolation and structural characterization of Urodilatin, a 32-amino-acid peptide, ANP(95-126), extracted from human urine.
View in Study DatabaseStimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
In vitro collagen-synthesis experiment.
View in Study Database1988Gonadorelin Acetate
Two-year comparison of pulsatile GnRH and gonadotropin therapy in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In a sequential comparison among men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism who had previously received exogenous gonadotropin (hCG/hMG) therapy, subsequent treatment with pulsatile GnRH for up to 18 months produced further testicular growth, exceeding the testicular size previously achieved with gonadotropin therapy by approximately 53%.
View in Study Database1987Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP)
A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Primary molecular cloning and expression of PTHrP: a prepro-peptide of 36 amino acids and mature protein of 141 amino acids with significant N-terminal homology to PTH, discovered via its role in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Distinct gene (PTHLH) from PTH.
View in Study DatabaseStudy of delta sleep-inducing peptide efficacy in improving disturbed sleep in chronic insomniac patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in chronic insomnia patients found no significant difference between DSIP and placebo on key sleep outcomes beyond pre-existing baseline differences; the authors concluded that any DSIP-related sleep improvement was of little clinical significance.
View in Study Database1987Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Vasodilatory actions of alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide and high Ca2+ effects in normal man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human ANP produced vasodilator/hemodynamic effects in normal participants.
View in Study Database1986Neurotensin
Effect of neurotensin and neurotensin fragments on gastric acid secretion in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Directly separates intact neurotensin effects from fragment/analogue arms in humans.
View in Study DatabaseEfficacy of DSIP to normalize sleep in middle-aged and elderly chronic insomniacs
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A small sleep-laboratory study reported improvement of sleep measures after DSIP in chronic psychophysiological insomnia. The limited sample, historical methods, and lack of modern confirmatory development materially restrict conclusions.
View in Study Database1986Pancreatic Polypeptide
Genes encoding pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y are on human chromosomes 17 and 7
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human PP gene chromosomally mapped, establishing native human PP molecular/genetic identity distinct from NPY.
View in Study Database1986Neurotensin
Neurotensin increases colonic motility
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Neurotensin increased contraction duration in selected colonic regions.
View in Study DatabaseThe effect of intravenous, subcutaneous, and intranasal GH-RH analog, [Nle27]GHRH(1-29)-NH2, on growth hormone secretion in normal men: dose-response relationships
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
The 29-amino-acid analog stimulated GH release by all three routes, with the strongest response after intravenous administration and weaker exposure-response by subcutaneous and intranasal routes.
View in Study Database1985Osteocalcin
Cell-free translation of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein osteocalcin
Human Study / Clinical Data
Primary biosynthesis study establishing that osteocalcin (bone Gla protein, BGLAP gene product) is synthesized by osteoblasts.
View in Study Database1985Human Alpha-Defensin 1
Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
Original identification of HNP-1, HNP-2, and HNP-3 as antimicrobial peptides localized to azurophilic granules of human neutrophils.
View in Study Database1985Human Alpha-Defensin 1
Primary structures of three human neutrophil defensins
Human Studies & Clinical Dataanalytical_study
HNP-1, HNP-2, and HNP-3 share an identical 29-30-residue, three-disulfide-bond scaffold and differ from each other only by their N-terminal residue(s); HNP-2 lacks the extra N-terminal residue present in HNP-1 and HNP-3.
View in Study Database1984Neurotensin
The metabolism of intravenously infused neurotensin in man and its chromatographic characterization in human plasma
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Native neurotensin was rapidly degraded in human plasma, with substantial formation of NT(1-8).
View in Study DatabaseCarnitine--metabolism and functions
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Foundational biochemical review establishing carnitine's central role in fatty-acid metabolism, and describing endogenous carnitine biosynthesis (lysine methylation to trimethyllysine, conversion to butyrobetaine, hydroxylation to carnitine in liver and, in some species, kidney).
View in Study Database1983Somatostatin
Inhibition of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion by Somatostatin-28 and Somatostatin-14 in Man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
In 210-minute infusions of both native forms, SS-28 was more effective than SS-14 at suppressing arginine-induced insulin secretion; both forms equally suppressed glucagon and pancreatic-polypeptide release; plasma somatostatin levels were ~28% lower during SS-14 infusion than SS-28 infusion at matched dosing.
View in Study Database1983Dermorphin
Prolactin-releasing activity of dermorphin, a new synthetic potent opiate-like peptide, in normal human subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Dermorphin altered prolactin release, supporting central opioid/endocrine activity in humans.
View in Study Database1982Cholecystokinin
C-Terminal Octapeptide of Cholecystokinin Decreases Food Intake in Obese Men
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
6 of 8 obese men ate significantly less during IV CCK-8 infusion vs. saline and stopped eating sooner; 2 of 8 did not respond.
View in Study Database1982Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin Octapeptide Decreases Intake of Solid Food in Man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Dose-dependent reduction in sandwiches eaten (50% and 17% fewer at two CCK-8 doses) vs. saline given IV CCK-8.
View in Study Database1982Lypressin
Effects of lysine-vasopressin and 1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin on memory in healthy individuals and diabetes insipidus patients
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
A single intramuscular injection or sub-chronic intranasal lysine-vasopressin (LVP) or DDAVP normalized disturbed memory function in diabetes insipidus patients and improved memory in healthy individuals — a genuine head-to-head direct comparison of LVP against Desmopressin in the same study.
View in Study Database1981Dermorphin
Pharmacological data on dermorphins, a new class of potent opioid peptides
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Characterized potent opioid-like pharmacologic activity of dermorphins.
View in Study Database1980Neurotensin
Effect of neurotensin on gastric function in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Neurotensin inhibited gastric acid and pepsin output and delayed gastric emptying of oral glucose in the experimental setting.
View in Study Database1980Neurotensin
Neurotensin infusion in man: pharmacokinetics and effect on gastrointestinal and pituitary hormones
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human infusion showed rapid disappearance and increased pancreatic polypeptide without significant changes in multiple other measured pituitary/gastrointestinal hormones.
View in Study Database1978Substance P
Flare and itch induced by substance P in human skin
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Intradermal SP produced flare, wheal, and itch, largely mediated by histamine release in human skin.
View in Study Database1977Somatostatin
Inhibition by Somatostatin of Gastrin Release and Gastric Acid Responses to Meals and to Pentagastrin in Man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
IV native cyclic somatostatin (SS-14, 5 microg/kg-h) produced ~70% inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated 1-hour acid output and ~75% inhibition of meal-stimulated acid output (90-95% in the final 30 minutes), while serum gastrin fell only ~30%, implying a substantial direct-parietal-cell (not purely gastrin-mediated) mechanism.
View in Study Database1976Gastrin
Clearance and Acid-Stimulating Action of Human Big and Little Gastrins in Duodenal Ulcer Subjects
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Gastrin-17 ('little gastrin') disappearance half-life was 5.2 min (infusion)/6.4 min (injection) vs. 41.5/37.8 min for Gastrin-34 ('big gastrin'). During constant infusion, circulating Gastrin-34 concentrations were six to eight times greater than Gastrin-17 yet produced similar acid responses, indicating Gastrin-17 is roughly 6-8x more potent per unit of circulating concentration. After peptone stimulation, native Gastrin-34 comprised ~three-fourths of total circulating gastrin but contributed less than half of total acid-stimulating activity.
View in Study Database1976Cholecystokinin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for KINEVAC (Sincalide) Injection
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Sincalide (Kinevac), a synthetically manufactured C-terminal CCK octapeptide with a sequence identical to native CCK-8 (including the biologically essential sulfated tyrosine), is FDA-approved (since 1976) to stimulate gallbladder contraction for diagnostic imaging and to stimulate pancreatic secretion (combined with secretin) prior to duodenal aspiration for pancreatic function testing.
View in Study DatabaseWater intoxication associated with oxytocin administration
Human Studies & Clinical Datacase_report
The report described water intoxication associated with oxytocin administration and large fluid loads.
View in Study Database1972Lypressin
Lypressin (Diapid) and other drugs for diabetes insipidus
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Discovery/context-tier review of Lypressin and other diabetes-insipidus drugs; no abstract available in PubMed's own record.
View in Study Database1970Felypressin
Clinical trial of felypressin (Octapressin) as an additive to prilocaine (Citanest) in dentistry
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Original 1970-era clinical trial introducing felypressin (Octapressin) as an additive to prilocaine (Citanest) in dentistry.
View in Study Database1968Lypressin
Lypressin nasal spray. Usefulness in patients who manifest allergies to other antidiuretic hormone preparations
Human Studies & Clinical Datacase_report
Lypressin nasal spray was tolerated as an antidiuretic alternative in these allergy cases.
View in Study Database1964Lypressin
Synthetic lysine vasopressin nasal spray in the treatment of diabetes insipidus
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Synthetic lysine vasopressin nasal spray (35-125 units/day, 3-5 doses/day) satisfactorily and conveniently controlled diabetes insipidus.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedOrnipressin
[POR 8 (ornipressin). Local vasoconstrictive effect and hemodynamic activity during surgery in ENT clinics]
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Good local vasoconstriction in 60-90% of cases depending on anesthesia type; hemodynamic effects varied by anesthetic technique (BP fell under inhalational anesthesia, rose under diazepam-fentanyl); no antidiuretic effect observed (V1-selectivity confirmation).
View in Study DatabaseUndatedPACAP-38
ADCYAP1 - Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide - Homo sapiens (Human)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human ADCYAP1 precursor; documents PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 as separate mature chains.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedAngiotensin I
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Relationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
General ACE-inhibitor pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics review; discovery/context tier only.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedUrodilatin
Cardiovascular, endocrine, and renal effects of urodilatin in normal humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Direct human evidence of urodilatin's cardiovascular, endocrine, and renal effects, corroborating a natriuretic/diuretic action distinct from circulating ANP.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedFGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23)
CRYSVITA (burosumab-twza) injection — FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Burosumab-twza is a human IgG1 anti-FGF23 monoclonal antibody that binds FGF23's N-terminal domain, blocking its interaction with the FGFR1/Klotho co-receptor complex and restoring renal phosphate reabsorption. FDA-approved for X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH, ages 6mo+) and, per the current label, FGF23-related hypophosphatemia in tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) associated with non-resectable/non-localizable phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (ages 2y+). This is TARGET_INHIBITION_CONTEXT: evidence about the antibody blocking FGF23, never evidence that administering FGF23 itself would be therapeutic. The label's mechanism-of-action background also establishes that in XLH, FGF23 activity is pathologically excessive, driving renal phosphate wasting.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
Daily intravesical instillation of 1 mg nociceptin/orphanin FQ for the control of neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a multicenter, placebo controlled, randomized exploratory study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Ten days of intravesical N/OFQ improved bladder-capacity measures and reduced daily leakage episodes versus baseline/placebo in this exploratory randomized study; no significant procedure-related problems or significant side effects were reported.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
Does nociceptin play a role in pain disorders in man?
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Local nociceptin administration did not produce pain in the tested designs but increased local tenderness in the randomized trapezius-muscle arm.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedGalanin
Effects of galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide on insulin and glucagon secretion in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Porcine Galanin did not show the anticipated pancreatic endocrine effect in this human experiment.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedSclerostin
EVENITY (romosozumab-aqqg) — FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Romosozumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes sclerostin, FDA-approved for osteoporosis; reduced fracture risk in the FRAME (placebo-controlled) and ARCH (active-comparator) pivotal trials. Carries a boxed cardiovascular warning (do not initiate in patients with MI/stroke in the preceding year) specific to the drug/product. TARGET_INHIBITION_CONTEXT: evidence about the antibody, never evidence of native-sclerostin administration efficacy or safety (there is no rational case for administering sclerostin).
View in Study DatabaseUndatedDesmopressin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for DDAVP Injection (Desmopressin Acetate)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
DDAVP Injection is indicated for central diabetes insipidus and for temporary polyuria/polydipsia following head trauma or pituitary surgery; some desmopressin acetate injection product lines also carry a labeled hemostatic indication in hemophilia A (Factor VIII >5%) and mild-to-moderate von Willebrand disease Type I.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedDesmopressin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for DDAVP Tablets (Desmopressin Acetate)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
DDAVP Tablets are FDA-labeled for central diabetes insipidus and primary nocturnal enuresis; dosing titrated up to 0.6 mg, with fluid restriction directed from 1 hour before dosing through at least 8 hours after / the next morning.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedAngiotensin II
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for GIAPREZA (Angiotensin II)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
GIAPREZA is a sterile aqueous solution of chemically synthesized human-sequence Angiotensin II acetate (NOT recombinant), exact 8-residue native sequence (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe), FDA-approved (NDA 209360, initial approval 2017) to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedDesmopressin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for Stimate Nasal Spray (Desmopressin Acetate, 150 mcg/spray)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Stimate Nasal Spray (higher-concentration, 150 mcg/spray, distinct from DDAVP Nasal Spray) is labeled specifically for hemostatic use — raising Factor VIII and von Willebrand factor levels — in mild hemophilia A and Type I von Willebrand disease with Factor VIII activity above 5%. Not indicated for diabetes insipidus or enuresis.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedTerlipressin
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for TERLIVAZ (Terlipressin)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
TERLIVAZ is indicated to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction in kidney function; patients with serum creatinine >5 mg/dL are labeled as unlikely to benefit. Boxed warning: TERLIVAZ may cause serious or fatal respiratory failure; patients with volume overload or ACLF Grade 3 are at increased risk.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedArginine Vasopressin (AVP)
FDA Label / DailyMed Record for Vasostrict (Vasopressin Injection)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Vasostrict (vasopressin injection) is a sterile aqueous solution of synthetic arginine vasopressin, exact 9-residue AVP sequence (Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclo 1-6), FDA-approved to increase blood pressure in adults with vasodilatory shock (e.g., post-cardiotomy or sepsis) who remain hypotensive despite fluids and catecholamines. Labeled dosing 0.01-0.07 units/min titration.
View in Study DatabaseFDA peptide compounding safety page
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Compounded peptide substances — States FDA lacks important safety information and human exposure data for compounded MOTS-C.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedGalanin
GAL galanin and GMAP prepropeptide [Homo sapiens]
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
The human GAL gene encodes a precursor proteolytically processed into distinct mature Galanin and GMAP peptides.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedUrodilatin
Haemodynamic and renal effects of urodilatin bolus injections in patients with congestive heart failure
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Bolus urodilatin injection produced measurable hemodynamic and renal effects in patients with congestive heart failure.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedCopeptin
High-sensitivity troponin I with or without ultra-sensitive copeptin for the instant rule-out of acute myocardial infarction
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Dual-marker (hs-troponin I + copeptin) and single-marker (hs-troponin I alone) rule-out pathways yielded similar negative predictive value (97.4% vs 98.7%) — copeptin did not meaningfully improve safety of instant rule-out over troponin alone at the studied cutoffs.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedGalanin
Inhibitory effect of galanin on postprandial gastrointestinal motility and gut hormone release in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Galanin infusion altered GI motility and several postprandial hormone responses.
View in Study DatabaseLilly retatrutide information
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Phase 3 development context — Confirms investigational status and active clinical trial development.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedCalcitonin
MIACALCIN (calcitonin-salmon) — FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Salmon calcitonin — a sequence-distinct species ortholog of human calcitonin with higher calcitonin-receptor potency — has been marketed since 1975 (Miacalcin injection/nasal spray; also Fortical) for postmenopausal osteoporosis (>5y postmenopause) and Paget's disease of bone. Labeling states fracture-reduction efficacy has not been demonstrated for the injection form, and includes a periodic-reassessment caution tied to a malignancy-association signal. Branded Miacalcin nasal spray has since been discontinued in the US; generic calcitonin-salmon nasal spray remains available (current status should be reconfirmed at any future publication date). All content here is PRODUCT_SPECIFIC_EVIDENCE for salmon calcitonin, firewalled from native human calcitonin.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedParathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
NATPARA (parathyroid hormone) for injection — FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Natpara's active ingredient, parathyroid hormone, is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a modified strain of E. coli; it is an 84-amino-acid, 9425-dalton exact-sequence copy of human PTH(1-84). Approved 2015 as an adjunct to calcium and vitamin D for hypocalcemia in hypoparathyroidism, restricted to patients not well-controlled on calcium/vitamin D alone given a labeled potential osteosarcoma risk. Product-specific regulatory evidence; current commercial-availability status must be independently verified before any public statement (governance note, not established by this label alone).
View in Study DatabaseUndatedLypressin
NCATS Inxight Drugs: Lypressin Substance Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Confirms Lypressin as the synthetic pharmaceutical form of lysine vasopressin (LVP), the natural posterior-pituitary vasopressin sequence of the domestic pig, differing from human Arginine Vasopressin by one residue (lysine instead of arginine) at position 8.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedUrodilatin
NCATS Inxight Drugs: Ularitide Substance Record
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Confirms Ularitide shares the identical 32-amino-acid ANP(95-126) sequence with native Urodilatin; describes Ularitide as 'a recombinant form of urodilatin.'
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ and Urinary Bladder
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Reviews the bladder evidence and distinguishes exact N/OFQ studies from modified NOP agonists such as UFP-112.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNeuropeptide Y (NPY)
NPY - Pro-neuropeptide Y - Homo sapiens (Human)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human pro-NPY precursor, cleaved into mature NPY and CPON.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNeurotensin
NTS - Neurotensin/neuromedin N - Homo sapiens (Human)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human precursor yielding Neurotensin, Neuromedin N, large Neuromedin N, and tail peptide.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedGalanin
On the effects of human galanin in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Synthetic human Galanin infusion produced a marked GH response while not materially changing insulin/C-peptide responses or glucose handling under the study conditions; plasma disappearance was rapid.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedGalanin
Physiological role of galanin in the regulation of anterior pituitary function in humans
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Human Galanin modified anterior-pituitary hormone responses in an acute controlled volunteer protocol.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
PNOC prepronociceptin [Homo sapiens]
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
PNOC is processed into multiple distinct peptides including Nociceptin, Nocistatin, and Orphanin FQ2; Nociceptin and Orphanin FQ are two names for the same mature peptide.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedRANKL
PROLIA (denosumab) — FDA Prescribing Information / FREEDOM Trial
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes RANKL, FDA-approved for postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the pivotal FREEDOM trial (N=7,868), denosumab improved BMD (9.2% lumbar spine, 6.0% hip) and reduced vertebral (68%), hip (40%), and nonvertebral (20%) fracture incidence versus placebo at 3 years. TARGET_INHIBITION_CONTEXT: evidence about denosumab's efficacy in blocking RANKL signaling, never evidence that administering RANKL itself has therapeutic use.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedTerlipressin
Role of Terlipressin in Cirrhotic Patients with Ascites and without Hepatorenal Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Systematic review of terlipressin evidence in cirrhotic ascites without hepatorenal syndrome, used as discovery/context-tier supporting literature.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedDesmopressin
StatPearls: Desmopressin
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
General review/context reference on Desmopressin's pharmacology, formulations, and clinical use.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedDesmopressin
Structure-Activity Relationship of 1-Desamino-8-D-Arginine Vasopressin (Desmopressin)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Reviews the two structural modifications distinguishing Desmopressin from native AVP (N-terminal deamination; D-arginine at position 8) and their effect on V2-receptor selectivity and duration of action.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedOrnipressin
Synthetic 8-ornithine-vasopressin, a clinically used vasoconstrictor, causes cardiac effects mainly via changes in coronary flow
Animal / Cell / Preclinical DataAnimal / Cell / Preclinical Data
Ornipressin's cardiac depressive effects are mediated mainly indirectly, via reduced myocardial perfusion from coronary vasoconstriction, not by a direct negative-inotropic action on cardiac tissue.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedSubstance P
TAC1 - Protachykinin-1 - Homo sapiens (Human)
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Human TAC1 precursor; documents Substance P, Neurokinin A, Neuropeptide K, Neuropeptide gamma as distinct chains.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedTerlipressin
Terlipressin for the Prevention and Treatment of Renal Decline in Hepatorenal Syndrome: A Drug Profile
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Notes terlipressin acts as both a prodrug for lysine-vasopressin and has some pharmacologic activity of its own, with a measurable pressor effect reported within 3 minutes of administration, before lysine-vasopressin levels rise.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedTerlipressin
Terlipressin plus hydroxyethyl starch in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Terlipressin combined with hydroxyethyl starch volume expansion was evaluated in hepatorenal syndrome, contributing to the terlipressin/HRS clinical evidence base.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedUrodilatin
The renal urodilatin system: clinical implications
Review Articles / Secondary SourcesReview Article / Secondary Source
Review-level discussion of the renal urodilatin system and its clinical implications, used as discovery/context-tier evidence.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedAbaloparatide
TYMLOS (abaloparatide) injection — FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Abaloparatide is a synthetic 34-amino-acid analogue of PTHrP(1-34), sharing 76% sequence homology with native human PTHrP(1-34) and 41% homology with PTH(1-34); molecular formula C174H300N56O49; acts as a PTH1 receptor agonist. FDA-approved (Tymlos) for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high fracture risk and, per current labeling, for men with osteoporosis at high fracture risk (2025 expansion). ANALOGUE_PROGRAM_CONTEXT relative to native PTHrP — this regulatory/identity evidence is specific to the synthetic analogue and must not be read as native-PTHrP evidence.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedUrodilatin
Urodilatin, a kidney-derived natriuretic factor, is excreted with a circadian rhythm and is stimulated by saline infusion in man
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Urinary Urodilatin excretion follows a circadian rhythm and is stimulated by saline infusion in humans.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedNociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
Urodynamic effects of intravesical nociceptin/orphanin FQ in neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
Human Studies & Clinical DataHuman Study / Clinical Data
Acute intravesical N/OFQ increased bladder-capacity/urodynamic measures relative to placebo in this small randomized study.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedUrodilatin
US Patent 5,449,751: Cardiodilatin fragment, process for preparing same and use thereof
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
States that urodilatin 'has been completely synthetically prepared by means of the solid phase synthesis method according to Merrifield using BOC amino acids' — manufacturing-route context only, not a clinical or identity-authority source.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedCopeptin
V1B receptor antagonist patent literature (Copeptin-selection context)
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
A vasopressin V1B-receptor antagonist patent describing use in patients with an elevated AVP level and/or elevated Copeptin level uses Copeptin only as a diagnostic patient-selection variable, not as an administered agent — supporting the absence of any Copeptin-as-treatment literature.
View in Study DatabaseUndatedParathyroid Hormone (PTH 1-84)
YORVIPATH (palopegteriparatide) injection — FDA Prescribing Information
Regulatory Documents & Official Trial RegistriesRegulatory / Official Document or Trial Registry
Palopegteriparatide (Yorvipath) is a prodrug: PTH(1-34) transiently conjugated to a 40 kDa branched methoxy-PEG carrier via a TransCon Linker, which autocleaves to release free PTH(1-34) (plus an active PTH(1-33) metabolite) for continuous exposure via once-daily dosing. FDA-approved 2024 for hypoparathyroidism in adults. This is FRAGMENT_CONTEXT/PRODUCT_SPECIFIC_EVIDENCE relative to native full-length PTH(1-84), not evidence of full-length PTH(1-84) administration.
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